The identification and source apportionment of water pollutants is the premise of protecting the ecoenvironment of the Yangtze River. To screen out the key potentially polluted water areas and possible sources, the traceability investigation of organophosphorus in the Nanjing section of the Yangtze River had been carried out in November 26-27， 2021, and fingerprint technology of organic compounds had been used to study the coupling relations of organic pollutants represented by organophosphorus among the 9 main tributary monitoring transects and 7 sewage discharge outlets. As the results showed, a total of 25 groups of organic compounds were identified in this study. The XC-02 transect had significant local input of organic pollutants, mainly affected by the discharge of industrial wastewater from nearby land sewage treatment plants, pharmaceutical companies, petrochemical companies and surface processing companies. The peak intensities of organophosphorus at XC-07 transect were affected by the upstream carryover and the neighboring discharge outlet located in XA07 transect. The results from this study provide a method for tracking organic pollutants by application of fingerprint analysis to rivers, and provide key technical support for decisionmaking on organic pollution control.