中国科技核心期刊 CN 32-1805/X ISSN 1674-6732
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2025,17(6):1-6, DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6732.2025.06.001
Abstract:
Carrying out local legislation for biodiversity conservation is an innovative practice that conforms to the trend of ecological civilization development and strengthens the integrated protection and restoration of the ecological environment in accordance with the law. Focusing on the prominent problems existing in local legislation，such as the absence of higher level laws，the lack of supervision and management，the deficiency of ecosystem multifunctionality，the small number of priority protected species，and the lack of basic guarantee capabilities，this paper takes the formulation of the “Jiangsu Provincal Regulations on Biodiversity Conservation” in 2025 as an example，and puts forward legislative suggestions such as improving the management system，prioritizing the protection of ecosystems，building an overall protection pattern，and enhancing the construction of basic guarantee capabilities.
Carrying out local legislation for biodiversity conservation is an innovative practice that conforms to the trend of ecological civilization development and strengthens the integrated protection and restoration of the ecological environment in accordance with the law. Focusing on the prominent problems existing in local legislation，such as the absence of higher level laws，the lack of supervision and management，the deficiency of ecosystem multifunctionality，the small number of priority protected species，and the lack of basic guarantee capabilities，this paper takes the formulation of the “Jiangsu Provincal Regulations on Biodiversity Conservation” in 2025 as an example，and puts forward legislative suggestions such as improving the management system，prioritizing the protection of ecosystems，building an overall protection pattern，and enhancing the construction of basic guarantee capabilities.
2025,17(6):7-14, DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6732.2025.06.002
Abstract:
In July 2024，eDNA techniques were employed to investigate the fish communities of freshwater wetlands in Macao. The primary findings are as follows： A total of 119 fish species were identified using eDNA methods，belonging to 12 orders，42 families，and 81 genera. Among these species，two endangered species were detected：Luciocyprinus langsoni and Schizothorax lantsangensis. Analysis of α-diversity indices showed that the ecological pond at Black Sand Beach Ecological Pool exhibited the highest species diversity and evenness，whereas Die Shi Gu Wetland and Jiu Ao Wetland displayed relatively low diversity. When comparing eDNA results with a conventional macroscopic survey，107 species were detected exclusively by eDNA，2 species were recorded only by macroscopic survey，and 12 species were detected by both methods. At present，eDNA techniques cannot fully replace conventional macroscopic survey methods； however，eDNA techniques can partially overcome the limitations of traditional approaches without harming existing aquatic biota. In future fish-resource assessments，it is recommended to integrate both methods leveraging their complementary strengths to maximize survey efficiency and accuracy.
In July 2024，eDNA techniques were employed to investigate the fish communities of freshwater wetlands in Macao. The primary findings are as follows： A total of 119 fish species were identified using eDNA methods，belonging to 12 orders，42 families，and 81 genera. Among these species，two endangered species were detected：Luciocyprinus langsoni and Schizothorax lantsangensis. Analysis of α-diversity indices showed that the ecological pond at Black Sand Beach Ecological Pool exhibited the highest species diversity and evenness，whereas Die Shi Gu Wetland and Jiu Ao Wetland displayed relatively low diversity. When comparing eDNA results with a conventional macroscopic survey，107 species were detected exclusively by eDNA，2 species were recorded only by macroscopic survey，and 12 species were detected by both methods. At present，eDNA techniques cannot fully replace conventional macroscopic survey methods； however，eDNA techniques can partially overcome the limitations of traditional approaches without harming existing aquatic biota. In future fish-resource assessments，it is recommended to integrate both methods leveraging their complementary strengths to maximize survey efficiency and accuracy.
2025,17(6):15-24, DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6732.2025.06.003
Abstract:
In order to clarify the main factors affecting the diversity of insect species in Zhenjiang Baohua Mountain National Forest Park，a survey on the diversity of insect species in the site was carried out from March to September 2023 using Malaise traps. DNA metabarcoding identified 1，654，805 sequences belonging to 1 255 species，146 families，and 16 orders of Insecta. Among them，875 948 sequences（989 species，132 families，and 16 orders） were annotated in the spring samples，and 778 857 sequences（1 052 species，130 families，and 16 orders） were annotated in the summer samples. The main groups of insects in both spring and summer samples were Diptera，Lepidoptera，Coleoptera，and Blattodea. Chao1 richness index analysis revealed that Pterocarya stenoptera mixed forests exhibited the highest species richness，while Phyllostachys edulis mixed forests showed the lowest. Simpson's dominance index（ D ） and Pielou's evenness index（ J′ ） demonstrated that Fortunearia sinensis mixed forests had the most uneven species distribution，whereas Ginkgo biloba mixed forests displayed the most uniform distribution pattern. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index（ H′ ） indicated that Pterocarya stenoptera mixed forests possessed the highest species diversity，contrasting with Fortunearia sinensis mixed forests，which exhibited the lowest. Bray-Curtis dissimilarity analysis revealed highly similar insect community compositions between Phyllostachys edulis and Ginkgo biloba mixed forests，as well as between Ginkgo biloba and Phoebe sheareri mixed forests. Other mixed forest pairs exhibited moderately similar community structures. Redundancy Analysis combined with Pearson correlation analysis identified five key drivers of insect diversity in Baohua Mountain National Forest Park：air temperature，plant diversity，elevation，slope aspect，and precipitation. Seasonal variation analysis revealed distinct primary influencing factors：temperature dominated spring insect diversity patterns，while the Plant Chao1 index emerged as the principal determinant in summer. This study provides theoretical guidance for formulating insect diversity conservation strategies in subtropical hilly regions，particularly through microhabitat management and seasonal monitoring protocols.
In order to clarify the main factors affecting the diversity of insect species in Zhenjiang Baohua Mountain National Forest Park，a survey on the diversity of insect species in the site was carried out from March to September 2023 using Malaise traps. DNA metabarcoding identified 1，654，805 sequences belonging to 1 255 species，146 families，and 16 orders of Insecta. Among them，875 948 sequences（989 species，132 families，and 16 orders） were annotated in the spring samples，and 778 857 sequences（1 052 species，130 families，and 16 orders） were annotated in the summer samples. The main groups of insects in both spring and summer samples were Diptera，Lepidoptera，Coleoptera，and Blattodea. Chao1 richness index analysis revealed that Pterocarya stenoptera mixed forests exhibited the highest species richness，while Phyllostachys edulis mixed forests showed the lowest. Simpson's dominance index（ D ） and Pielou's evenness index（ J′ ） demonstrated that Fortunearia sinensis mixed forests had the most uneven species distribution，whereas Ginkgo biloba mixed forests displayed the most uniform distribution pattern. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index（ H′ ） indicated that Pterocarya stenoptera mixed forests possessed the highest species diversity，contrasting with Fortunearia sinensis mixed forests，which exhibited the lowest. Bray-Curtis dissimilarity analysis revealed highly similar insect community compositions between Phyllostachys edulis and Ginkgo biloba mixed forests，as well as between Ginkgo biloba and Phoebe sheareri mixed forests. Other mixed forest pairs exhibited moderately similar community structures. Redundancy Analysis combined with Pearson correlation analysis identified five key drivers of insect diversity in Baohua Mountain National Forest Park：air temperature，plant diversity，elevation，slope aspect，and precipitation. Seasonal variation analysis revealed distinct primary influencing factors：temperature dominated spring insect diversity patterns，while the Plant Chao1 index emerged as the principal determinant in summer. This study provides theoretical guidance for formulating insect diversity conservation strategies in subtropical hilly regions，particularly through microhabitat management and seasonal monitoring protocols.
2025,17(6):25-33, DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6732.2025.06.004
Abstract:
To clarify the potential suitable habitat distribution of the Oriental White Storks（Ciconia boyciana） in Jiangsu Province，this study employs the MaxEnt model，based on the actual survey locations and records from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility for the Ciconia boyciana，combined with 22 environmental variables including climate variables，vegetation types，distance to rivers，and land use types，to predict and analyze the potential suitable habitats for the Ciconia boyciana in Jiangsu Province. By integrating the results of the jackknife method and the percent of contribution for environmental variables in the model's operation，the precipitation during the wettest season，the lowest temperature in the coldest month，vegetation type，and land use type have a significant impact on the distribution of the potential suitable habitat for the Ciconia boyciana，with a cumulative contribution rate of 86.63%. Moreover，the Ciconia boyciana is more likely to appear in water and marsh wetlands. The high suitability areas for the Ciconia boyciana in Jiangsu Province account for 5.61% of the total area of Jiangsu Province，and the moderately suitable areas make up 18.58% of the total area，adding up to 24.19%. The high suitability areas are mainly distributed around the wetlands along the coast of Yancheng，as well as around the areas of Taihu Lake，Hongze Lake，and Gaoyou Lake，which are in the central and southern parts of Jiangsu Province. The nature reserves in Jiangsu Province essentially cover the hotspots of the suitable habitats for the Ciconia boyciana. In the identified conservation gap areas for Ciconia boyciana，including the coastal zones of Lianyungang City，Shilianghe Reservoir，and Tianmu Lake surroundings in Liyang，Changzhou，it is recommended to delineate and prioritize key foraging zones and core habitats establish buffer zones to mitigate anthropogenic development pressures implement long-term monitoring programs for benthic invertebrate populations， their primary food resources to maintain the productivity of shallow-water wetlands.
To clarify the potential suitable habitat distribution of the Oriental White Storks（Ciconia boyciana） in Jiangsu Province，this study employs the MaxEnt model，based on the actual survey locations and records from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility for the Ciconia boyciana，combined with 22 environmental variables including climate variables，vegetation types，distance to rivers，and land use types，to predict and analyze the potential suitable habitats for the Ciconia boyciana in Jiangsu Province. By integrating the results of the jackknife method and the percent of contribution for environmental variables in the model's operation，the precipitation during the wettest season，the lowest temperature in the coldest month，vegetation type，and land use type have a significant impact on the distribution of the potential suitable habitat for the Ciconia boyciana，with a cumulative contribution rate of 86.63%. Moreover，the Ciconia boyciana is more likely to appear in water and marsh wetlands. The high suitability areas for the Ciconia boyciana in Jiangsu Province account for 5.61% of the total area of Jiangsu Province，and the moderately suitable areas make up 18.58% of the total area，adding up to 24.19%. The high suitability areas are mainly distributed around the wetlands along the coast of Yancheng，as well as around the areas of Taihu Lake，Hongze Lake，and Gaoyou Lake，which are in the central and southern parts of Jiangsu Province. The nature reserves in Jiangsu Province essentially cover the hotspots of the suitable habitats for the Ciconia boyciana. In the identified conservation gap areas for Ciconia boyciana，including the coastal zones of Lianyungang City，Shilianghe Reservoir，and Tianmu Lake surroundings in Liyang，Changzhou，it is recommended to delineate and prioritize key foraging zones and core habitats establish buffer zones to mitigate anthropogenic development pressures implement long-term monitoring programs for benthic invertebrate populations， their primary food resources to maintain the productivity of shallow-water wetlands.
2025,17(6):34-43, DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6732.2025.06.005
Abstract:
From May to September 2024，eighty seven specimens of the genus Pelophylax were obtained from three regions in Jiangsu Province: Nanjing，Zhenjiang and Suqian. Through comprehensive morphological comparisons and phylogenetic inferences，three species were determined as P. nigromaculatus（n=23），P. plancyi（n=36） and P. hubeiensis（n=28）. Among them，P. hubeiensis is a new amphibian record for Jiangsu Province, extending the known eastern boundary of this species. Widespread sympatric distribution，highly mixed species breeding assemblages，and an extensively mosaic pattern both in phenotypic traits and phylogenetic lineages of the Pelophylax species in Jiangsu were observed in this study. These findings collectively suggest that the Jiang-Huai River basins of Jiangsu，may serve as both a contact zone and a hybrid zone between these Pelophylax species. This study provides fundamental data for understanding the species delimitation，interspecific hybridization and population structure of Pelophylax species.
From May to September 2024，eighty seven specimens of the genus Pelophylax were obtained from three regions in Jiangsu Province: Nanjing，Zhenjiang and Suqian. Through comprehensive morphological comparisons and phylogenetic inferences，three species were determined as P. nigromaculatus（n=23），P. plancyi（n=36） and P. hubeiensis（n=28）. Among them，P. hubeiensis is a new amphibian record for Jiangsu Province, extending the known eastern boundary of this species. Widespread sympatric distribution，highly mixed species breeding assemblages，and an extensively mosaic pattern both in phenotypic traits and phylogenetic lineages of the Pelophylax species in Jiangsu were observed in this study. These findings collectively suggest that the Jiang-Huai River basins of Jiangsu，may serve as both a contact zone and a hybrid zone between these Pelophylax species. This study provides fundamental data for understanding the species delimitation，interspecific hybridization and population structure of Pelophylax species.
2025,17(6):44-51, DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6732.2025.06.006
Abstract:
To promptly and effectively carry out activities such as severe air pollution warning，air quality trend analysis，post-evaluation of control measures，pollution source analysis，and air quality assurance for major events（competitions），thereby enhancing the collaborative efficiency of atmospheric pollution prevention and control，an integrated smart monitoring platform has been established. This platform comprises five major functional modules：data collection，data assurance，data quality control，data application，and decision support. This paper highlights three key technologies：cross platform zero-delay data review and interaction technology，multi-model fusion technology including radar data assimilation models，regional transmission models，particulate matter and ozone（O3） pollution source tracing models，and site-specific control models，and multi-scenario adaptive automated analysis. This paper also introduces the platform's applications in typical pollution process analysis，intelligent review of monitoring data，and high-precision greenhouse gas monitoring data fusion analysis. The platform achieves a closed-loop process from data generation to management and utilization，providing a new paradigm for joint regional air pollution prevention and control and decision support.
To promptly and effectively carry out activities such as severe air pollution warning，air quality trend analysis，post-evaluation of control measures，pollution source analysis，and air quality assurance for major events（competitions），thereby enhancing the collaborative efficiency of atmospheric pollution prevention and control，an integrated smart monitoring platform has been established. This platform comprises five major functional modules：data collection，data assurance，data quality control，data application，and decision support. This paper highlights three key technologies：cross platform zero-delay data review and interaction technology，multi-model fusion technology including radar data assimilation models，regional transmission models，particulate matter and ozone（O3） pollution source tracing models，and site-specific control models，and multi-scenario adaptive automated analysis. This paper also introduces the platform's applications in typical pollution process analysis，intelligent review of monitoring data，and high-precision greenhouse gas monitoring data fusion analysis. The platform achieves a closed-loop process from data generation to management and utilization，providing a new paradigm for joint regional air pollution prevention and control and decision support.
2025,17(6):52-58, DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6732.2025.06.007
Abstract:
An analysis was conducted on the characteristics of air pollution and the change trend of air quality based on data from national air monitoring stations in Bazhong City, Sichuan Province spanning from 2016 to 2023. The Prophet model， a time series decomposition model， was used for the prediction of concentration of major air pollutants and the comprehensive air quality index. The findings indicated that the concentrations of nitrogen dioxide（NO2）， carbon monoxide（CO）， fine particulate matter（PM2.5）， inhalable particulate matter（PM10）， as well as the comprehensive air quality index declined from 2016 to 2023， indicating a notable improvement in air quality. The number of polluted days due to PM2.5 and PM10 exhibited a decreasing trend whereas those due to ozone（O3） showed a step like upward trend over time. PM2.5 was the primary contributor to the exceedances of ambient air quality standard， while O3 pollution increased progressively. O3 concentration was higher in spring and summer but lower in autumn and winter with a consistent interannual variation range. Meanwhile， higher concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 were observed during winter with higher interannual fluctuations. The prediction results based on the Prophet model showed good performance with a high level of linear correlation， which indicated the feasibility of this method. Predictions for the next five years indicated a stable seasonal pattern for the main pollutants' concentrations. The concentrations of NO2 ， PM2.5 ， PM10 and the comprehensive index of air quality were predicted to slowly decline， while the concentration of O3 would increase but remain within the safe limits. This research provides valuable data reference for the work of air pollution prevention， control， and early warning in Bazhong City.
An analysis was conducted on the characteristics of air pollution and the change trend of air quality based on data from national air monitoring stations in Bazhong City, Sichuan Province spanning from 2016 to 2023. The Prophet model， a time series decomposition model， was used for the prediction of concentration of major air pollutants and the comprehensive air quality index. The findings indicated that the concentrations of nitrogen dioxide（NO2）， carbon monoxide（CO）， fine particulate matter（PM2.5）， inhalable particulate matter（PM10）， as well as the comprehensive air quality index declined from 2016 to 2023， indicating a notable improvement in air quality. The number of polluted days due to PM2.5 and PM10 exhibited a decreasing trend whereas those due to ozone（O3） showed a step like upward trend over time. PM2.5 was the primary contributor to the exceedances of ambient air quality standard， while O3 pollution increased progressively. O3 concentration was higher in spring and summer but lower in autumn and winter with a consistent interannual variation range. Meanwhile， higher concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 were observed during winter with higher interannual fluctuations. The prediction results based on the Prophet model showed good performance with a high level of linear correlation， which indicated the feasibility of this method. Predictions for the next five years indicated a stable seasonal pattern for the main pollutants' concentrations. The concentrations of NO2 ， PM2.5 ， PM10 and the comprehensive index of air quality were predicted to slowly decline， while the concentration of O3 would increase but remain within the safe limits. This research provides valuable data reference for the work of air pollution prevention， control， and early warning in Bazhong City.
2025,17(6):59-65, DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6732.2025.06.008
Abstract:
In order to explore the spatio temporal variation of atmospheric dust fall and its influencing factors in Liaocheng City， Shandong Province， this paper collected the atmospheric dust fall data from 2018 to 2023， studied the spatio temporal distribution characteristics of atmospheric dust fall， predicted the change trend of dust fall and its value in the next five years， and analyzed the correlation between dust fall and inhalable particulate matter（PM10）， fine particulate matter（PM2.5）， and meteorological factors in the ambient air. The relative contribution rate of each meteorological factor to the change in dust fall was calculated using the standardized equation. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient results of dust fall in Liaocheng City from 2018 to 2023 showed no significant change trend， while the result of the mean GM（1，1） of the gray prediction model showed a decreasing trend in the next 5 years， with a relative simulation error of 7.28%， and the dust fall in 2028 was 3.744 t/（km2·30 d）. The seasonal variation trend of dust fall showed that it first increased and then decreased， with the highest in spring and the lowest in autumn. The monthly analysis results showed that the maximum dust fall in Liaocheng City was in April， with an average value of 8.30 t/（km2·30 d）， and the lowest value was in December， with an average value of 375 t/（km2·30 d）， which did not exceed the national assessment target of atmospheric dust fall issued by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment for the first time in 2018 ［9 t/（km2·30 d）］. The spatial analysis results showed that the dust fall in Liaocheng was generally higher in the northeast and lower in the southwest， with Chiping District and Gaotang County having the highest annual mean fall， and Shenxian County the lowest. The correlations between dust fall and PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations in the ambient air were not high in Liaocheng City. Among the three meteorological factors（wind speed， temperature， and relative humidity）， wind speed had a significant positive correlation with dust fall， with a relative contribution rate of 52.27%， while the relative humidity showed a significant negative correlation with dust fall.
In order to explore the spatio temporal variation of atmospheric dust fall and its influencing factors in Liaocheng City， Shandong Province， this paper collected the atmospheric dust fall data from 2018 to 2023， studied the spatio temporal distribution characteristics of atmospheric dust fall， predicted the change trend of dust fall and its value in the next five years， and analyzed the correlation between dust fall and inhalable particulate matter（PM10）， fine particulate matter（PM2.5）， and meteorological factors in the ambient air. The relative contribution rate of each meteorological factor to the change in dust fall was calculated using the standardized equation. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient results of dust fall in Liaocheng City from 2018 to 2023 showed no significant change trend， while the result of the mean GM（1，1） of the gray prediction model showed a decreasing trend in the next 5 years， with a relative simulation error of 7.28%， and the dust fall in 2028 was 3.744 t/（km2·30 d）. The seasonal variation trend of dust fall showed that it first increased and then decreased， with the highest in spring and the lowest in autumn. The monthly analysis results showed that the maximum dust fall in Liaocheng City was in April， with an average value of 8.30 t/（km2·30 d）， and the lowest value was in December， with an average value of 375 t/（km2·30 d）， which did not exceed the national assessment target of atmospheric dust fall issued by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment for the first time in 2018 ［9 t/（km2·30 d）］. The spatial analysis results showed that the dust fall in Liaocheng was generally higher in the northeast and lower in the southwest， with Chiping District and Gaotang County having the highest annual mean fall， and Shenxian County the lowest. The correlations between dust fall and PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations in the ambient air were not high in Liaocheng City. Among the three meteorological factors（wind speed， temperature， and relative humidity）， wind speed had a significant positive correlation with dust fall， with a relative contribution rate of 52.27%， while the relative humidity showed a significant negative correlation with dust fall.
2025,17(6):66-73, DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6732.2025.06.009
Abstract:
In order to explore the pollution characteristics，ozone formation potential（OFP），and pollution sources of volatile organic compounds（VOCs） in the atmosphere of Puyang City，four monitoring points were set up in different functional areas of Puyang City from January to December 2021. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry（GC-MS） was used to collect and analyze ambient air samples to obtain monitoring data. The research results showed that the average volume fraction of 57 PAMS substances in the atmospheric VOCs of Puyang City was 32.2×10-9. The average volume fraction of PAMS substances in residential cultural and educational areas（35.6×10-9） was slightly higher than that in mixed commercial and residential areas（30.6×10-9），background points（32.8×10-9），and suburban areas（29.9×10-9）. The chemical composition was dominated by alkanes，accounting for approximately 61.2%~71.6% by volume. The components that contribute significantly to ozone generation were aromatic hydrocarbons and olefins. The OFP ratios of key active species ethylene，meta/para xylene，and toluene were 21.6%，14.3%，and 11.0%，respectively. The source apportionment indicated that the main sources of atmospheric volatile organic compound pollution in Puyang City are mobile sources，combustion sources，solvent use sources，petrochemical sources，and natural emission sources. Due to different local environmental influences in different functional areas，the contribution proportions of various pollution sources vary. Among them，the contribution proportion of mobile sources was the largest，with the highest proportion being 45.8%. The contribution proportions of petrochemical sources and natural emission sources were relatively small，ranging from 6.6% to 15.6% and from 0 to 18.5%，respectively.
In order to explore the pollution characteristics，ozone formation potential（OFP），and pollution sources of volatile organic compounds（VOCs） in the atmosphere of Puyang City，four monitoring points were set up in different functional areas of Puyang City from January to December 2021. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry（GC-MS） was used to collect and analyze ambient air samples to obtain monitoring data. The research results showed that the average volume fraction of 57 PAMS substances in the atmospheric VOCs of Puyang City was 32.2×10-9. The average volume fraction of PAMS substances in residential cultural and educational areas（35.6×10-9） was slightly higher than that in mixed commercial and residential areas（30.6×10-9），background points（32.8×10-9），and suburban areas（29.9×10-9）. The chemical composition was dominated by alkanes，accounting for approximately 61.2%~71.6% by volume. The components that contribute significantly to ozone generation were aromatic hydrocarbons and olefins. The OFP ratios of key active species ethylene，meta/para xylene，and toluene were 21.6%，14.3%，and 11.0%，respectively. The source apportionment indicated that the main sources of atmospheric volatile organic compound pollution in Puyang City are mobile sources，combustion sources，solvent use sources，petrochemical sources，and natural emission sources. Due to different local environmental influences in different functional areas，the contribution proportions of various pollution sources vary. Among them，the contribution proportion of mobile sources was the largest，with the highest proportion being 45.8%. The contribution proportions of petrochemical sources and natural emission sources were relatively small，ranging from 6.6% to 15.6% and from 0 to 18.5%，respectively.
2025,17(6):74-82, DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6732.2025.06.010
Abstract:
This study was conducted to evaluate the performance level of continuous automated monitoring systems for ambient air carbon dioxide based on different principles and to identify optimal instruments for urban greenhouse gas monitoring. Eight commercially available high precision CO2 analyzers based on four measurement methods， namely cavity ring down spectroscopy（CRDS）， cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy（CEAS）， non dispersive infrared absorption（NDIR）， and gas chromatography flame ionization detection（GC-FID）， were selected for comparative testing under laboratory and actual atmospheric conditions. The results showed that carbon dioxide monitoring systems of different methods and principles had significant performance differences. Relatively speaking， systems using the CRDS and CEAS methods had better performance， with measurement accuracies of up to 0.1 and 0.2 μmol/mol， respectively. Carbon dioxide monitoring was easily affected by changes in relative humidity. However， efficient pretreatment and water removal systems， such as Nafion tubing， could reduce the interference of water vapor. Although carbon dioxide monitoring systems of different principles showed consistent changing trends in actual atmospheric testing， there were significant differences in the measurement accuracies， with the NDIR based systems exhibiting a drift of up to 100 μmol/mol during long-term operation. Regular calibration with standard gases is essential for monitoring carbon dioxide in actual atmospheric observations. The performance levels of carbon dioxide monitoring systems in the market varied， but some domestically produced systems exhibited high precision comparable to the internationally advanced level， and showed good development and application prospects.
This study was conducted to evaluate the performance level of continuous automated monitoring systems for ambient air carbon dioxide based on different principles and to identify optimal instruments for urban greenhouse gas monitoring. Eight commercially available high precision CO2 analyzers based on four measurement methods， namely cavity ring down spectroscopy（CRDS）， cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy（CEAS）， non dispersive infrared absorption（NDIR）， and gas chromatography flame ionization detection（GC-FID）， were selected for comparative testing under laboratory and actual atmospheric conditions. The results showed that carbon dioxide monitoring systems of different methods and principles had significant performance differences. Relatively speaking， systems using the CRDS and CEAS methods had better performance， with measurement accuracies of up to 0.1 and 0.2 μmol/mol， respectively. Carbon dioxide monitoring was easily affected by changes in relative humidity. However， efficient pretreatment and water removal systems， such as Nafion tubing， could reduce the interference of water vapor. Although carbon dioxide monitoring systems of different principles showed consistent changing trends in actual atmospheric testing， there were significant differences in the measurement accuracies， with the NDIR based systems exhibiting a drift of up to 100 μmol/mol during long-term operation. Regular calibration with standard gases is essential for monitoring carbon dioxide in actual atmospheric observations. The performance levels of carbon dioxide monitoring systems in the market varied， but some domestically produced systems exhibited high precision comparable to the internationally advanced level， and showed good development and application prospects.
2025,17(6):83-86, DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6732.2025.06.011
Abstract:
To solve the problems of insufficient consistency and comparability between automatic surface water monitoring and conventional manual monitoring data， six automatic water quality stations in Yuhang District and Linping District of Zhejiang Province were selected to carry out simultaneous comparative monitoring at the same point for one year. The comparative analysis was performed between automatic monitoring data and manual monitoring data for three main water quality indicators： permanganate index（IMn）， ammonia nitrogen（NH3-N）， and total phosphorus（TP）. The results indicated that the automatic monitoring of surface water quality indicators IMn， NH3-N， and TP had a good correlation with the manual monitoring data， with correlation coefficients of 0.89， 0.90， and 0.80， respectively， and the average deviation of the NH3-N indicator is the largest at 19.52%， while the average deviation of the TP indicator is the smallest at only 2.72%. The observed discrepancies between automatic and manual monitoring data were primarily related to factors such as season， location， and pollutant concentration. To address these issues， it is necessary to strengthen the maintenance and regular calibration of automatic monitoring equipment， reduce data deviations， and improve the monitoring and evaluation system.
To solve the problems of insufficient consistency and comparability between automatic surface water monitoring and conventional manual monitoring data， six automatic water quality stations in Yuhang District and Linping District of Zhejiang Province were selected to carry out simultaneous comparative monitoring at the same point for one year. The comparative analysis was performed between automatic monitoring data and manual monitoring data for three main water quality indicators： permanganate index（IMn）， ammonia nitrogen（NH3-N）， and total phosphorus（TP）. The results indicated that the automatic monitoring of surface water quality indicators IMn， NH3-N， and TP had a good correlation with the manual monitoring data， with correlation coefficients of 0.89， 0.90， and 0.80， respectively， and the average deviation of the NH3-N indicator is the largest at 19.52%， while the average deviation of the TP indicator is the smallest at only 2.72%. The observed discrepancies between automatic and manual monitoring data were primarily related to factors such as season， location， and pollutant concentration. To address these issues， it is necessary to strengthen the maintenance and regular calibration of automatic monitoring equipment， reduce data deviations， and improve the monitoring and evaluation system.
2025,17(6):87-91, DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6732.2025.06.012
Abstract:
A new method for the rapid determination of thallium in water was developed using preconcentration and high-precision X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. We optimized the instrumental parameters and systematically evaluated the method's performance， including the calibration curve， detection limit， precision， and accuracy. Results indicated that， under optimized conditions（30 mL sample， 360 mL/h flow rate， 5 min test time）， the method achieved a detection limit of 0.02 μg/L， a quantification limit of 0.08 μg/L， a relative standard deviation of 2.6%～4.5%， and spiked recoveries of 89.8%～107%， demonstrating good precision and accuracy. Results for standard samples met uncertainty requirements and showed no significant difference from those obtained by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry（ICP-MS）. This portable， practical， simple， and reagent-free method overcomes limitations of traditional approaches， such as time-consuming sample collection， transportation， and pretreatment， as well as insufficient sensitivity for trace-level analysis， thereby significantly enhancing the timeliness of thallium detection and providing efficient， reliable support for on-site emergency monitoring of thallium and other heavy metals.
A new method for the rapid determination of thallium in water was developed using preconcentration and high-precision X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. We optimized the instrumental parameters and systematically evaluated the method's performance， including the calibration curve， detection limit， precision， and accuracy. Results indicated that， under optimized conditions（30 mL sample， 360 mL/h flow rate， 5 min test time）， the method achieved a detection limit of 0.02 μg/L， a quantification limit of 0.08 μg/L， a relative standard deviation of 2.6%～4.5%， and spiked recoveries of 89.8%～107%， demonstrating good precision and accuracy. Results for standard samples met uncertainty requirements and showed no significant difference from those obtained by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry（ICP-MS）. This portable， practical， simple， and reagent-free method overcomes limitations of traditional approaches， such as time-consuming sample collection， transportation， and pretreatment， as well as insufficient sensitivity for trace-level analysis， thereby significantly enhancing the timeliness of thallium detection and providing efficient， reliable support for on-site emergency monitoring of thallium and other heavy metals.
2025,17(6):92-97, DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6732.2025.06.013
Abstract:
A new rapid and simple method based on static headspace extraction（HS） coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was developed for the determination of six gasoline octane-enhancing additives in water： methyl tert-butyl ether（MTBE）， di isopropyl ether（DIPE）， tert-amyl methyl ether（TAME）， anisole， ethyl tert-butyl ether（ETBE）， and tetraethyl lead（TEL）. Parameters of the extraction conditions were optimized， such as chromatographic column， matrix modifier， equilibrium temperature， equilibrium time， and injection time. 3 g of sodium chloride was added to a 10.0 mL water sample， rapidly sealed and equilibrated at 80 ℃ for 30 min， and injected for 0.5 min. Quantification was performed using fluorobenzene and 1，2- dichlorobenzene-d4 as internal standards. The method exhibited a superior linear relationship for MTBE， DIPE， TAME， and anisole in the range of 0.2 μg/L to 10.0 μg/L. Another excellent linear relationship for ETBE and TEL in the range of 0.1 μg/L to 5.0 μg/L was also confirmed. All the correlation coefficients（r） exceeded 0.997， and the detection limits were 0.06 μg/L for MTBE， DIPE， TAME， and anisole， as well as 0.04 μg/L for ETBE and TEL. The recovery rates ranged from 88.0% to 111.0% across low， medium， and high concentrations， and the relative standard deviations（RSDs） ranged from 3.5% to 7.1%. The proposed method is simple， organic solvent-free， environmentally friendly， and suitable for the determination of these six octane enhancing additives in water.
A new rapid and simple method based on static headspace extraction（HS） coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was developed for the determination of six gasoline octane-enhancing additives in water： methyl tert-butyl ether（MTBE）， di isopropyl ether（DIPE）， tert-amyl methyl ether（TAME）， anisole， ethyl tert-butyl ether（ETBE）， and tetraethyl lead（TEL）. Parameters of the extraction conditions were optimized， such as chromatographic column， matrix modifier， equilibrium temperature， equilibrium time， and injection time. 3 g of sodium chloride was added to a 10.0 mL water sample， rapidly sealed and equilibrated at 80 ℃ for 30 min， and injected for 0.5 min. Quantification was performed using fluorobenzene and 1，2- dichlorobenzene-d4 as internal standards. The method exhibited a superior linear relationship for MTBE， DIPE， TAME， and anisole in the range of 0.2 μg/L to 10.0 μg/L. Another excellent linear relationship for ETBE and TEL in the range of 0.1 μg/L to 5.0 μg/L was also confirmed. All the correlation coefficients（r） exceeded 0.997， and the detection limits were 0.06 μg/L for MTBE， DIPE， TAME， and anisole， as well as 0.04 μg/L for ETBE and TEL. The recovery rates ranged from 88.0% to 111.0% across low， medium， and high concentrations， and the relative standard deviations（RSDs） ranged from 3.5% to 7.1%. The proposed method is simple， organic solvent-free， environmentally friendly， and suitable for the determination of these six octane enhancing additives in water.
2025,17(6):98-105, DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6732.2025.06.014
Abstract:
While the prevention and control of air pollution in key regions in China has achieved positive results，the urban agglomeration on the northern slope of Tianshan Mountain has become a new heavy pollution source area. Based on the regional distribution data of 21 key atmospheric emission enterprises and Continuous Emission Monitoring System（CEMS） data in Urumqi City from January 2020 to March 2022，this study conducted an analysis of the distribution characteristics of key sources and the variation trends in pollutant emissions. The results show that：（1） the contribution rate of emissions of waste gaseous pollutants from key sources in Urumqi to industrial sources is high，with SO2，NOX and particulate matter emissions accounting for 91.2%，72.2% and 6.5% of the total regional industrial source emissions respectively；（2） During the autumn and winter seasons of 2021—2022，the emissions of major pollutants from key sources decreased，but the reduction ratio was not large. SO2，NOX，and particulate matter emissions decreased by 3.7%，3.4% and 22.9% respectively，which did not match the trend that the atmospheric environmental capacity coefficient decreased by about 50% in autumn and winter. The total pollutant emissions in key regions，including the central southern Midong District，demonstrated a marked upward trend during autumn and winter，becoming an important factor for the frequent occurrence of high pollution in autumn and winter；（3） From the three orange heavy pollution warning processes in the autumn and winter of 2021—2022，the emissions of most enterprises have decreased，but it is difficult to reduce the total pollutant emissions of the whole society by 20%，especially SO2；（4） The emission of waste gas pollutants from key sources in Urumqi shows obvious industrial characteristics. The emission of the electric power industry has increased in autumn and winter. Large and medium sized enterprises in the non electric industry have made great contributions to the reduction of pollutant emissions，but the regional distribution is uneven. It is suggested to further focus on strengthening the control of key sources，promoting the in depth treatment and daily control of enterprise pollution，and increasing the emission reduction in autumn and winter.
While the prevention and control of air pollution in key regions in China has achieved positive results，the urban agglomeration on the northern slope of Tianshan Mountain has become a new heavy pollution source area. Based on the regional distribution data of 21 key atmospheric emission enterprises and Continuous Emission Monitoring System（CEMS） data in Urumqi City from January 2020 to March 2022，this study conducted an analysis of the distribution characteristics of key sources and the variation trends in pollutant emissions. The results show that：（1） the contribution rate of emissions of waste gaseous pollutants from key sources in Urumqi to industrial sources is high，with SO2，NOX and particulate matter emissions accounting for 91.2%，72.2% and 6.5% of the total regional industrial source emissions respectively；（2） During the autumn and winter seasons of 2021—2022，the emissions of major pollutants from key sources decreased，but the reduction ratio was not large. SO2，NOX，and particulate matter emissions decreased by 3.7%，3.4% and 22.9% respectively，which did not match the trend that the atmospheric environmental capacity coefficient decreased by about 50% in autumn and winter. The total pollutant emissions in key regions，including the central southern Midong District，demonstrated a marked upward trend during autumn and winter，becoming an important factor for the frequent occurrence of high pollution in autumn and winter；（3） From the three orange heavy pollution warning processes in the autumn and winter of 2021—2022，the emissions of most enterprises have decreased，but it is difficult to reduce the total pollutant emissions of the whole society by 20%，especially SO2；（4） The emission of waste gas pollutants from key sources in Urumqi shows obvious industrial characteristics. The emission of the electric power industry has increased in autumn and winter. Large and medium sized enterprises in the non electric industry have made great contributions to the reduction of pollutant emissions，but the regional distribution is uneven. It is suggested to further focus on strengthening the control of key sources，promoting the in depth treatment and daily control of enterprise pollution，and increasing the emission reduction in autumn and winter.
2025,17(6):106-113, DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6732.2025.06.015
Abstract:
To investigate the pollution characteristics and sources of water soluble inorganic ions（WSIIs） in particulate matter with different particle sizes during winter，ultrafine particle（PM1），fine particulate matter（PM2.5），and inhalable particles（PM10） samples were collected in Hohhot from January 5 to February 4，2017. Eight kinds of WSIIs were determined using ion chromatography（IC）. Their compositions，existing forms，and secondary transformation characteristics were analyzed. The results suggested that the average daily WSIIs concentrations ofPM1，PM2.5， and PM10 on polluted days were 3.1，3.1，and 3.0 times that observed on clean days，accounting for 37.1%，40.5%，and 29.9% of the total mass concentration of particulate matter，respectively. Sulfate（SO42-），nitrate（NO3-），and ammonium（NH4+）［abbreviated as SNA］ were the predominant ions of WSIIs on polluted days，accounting for 73.3%，75.0%，and 74.0% of the total WSIIs in the three kinds of particulate matter，respectively. The concentrations of chloride ion（Cl-） inPM1，PM2.5， and PM10 on New Year's Eve were 8.0，7.3，and 6.5 times that observed on clean days，respectively. The concentrations of magnesium ion（Mg2+） on New Year's Eve were 11.2，8.3，and 5.6 times that observed on clean days，respectively. This indicated that fireworks had a greater contribution to the Cl- and Mg2+ in particulate matter in Hohhot. The ratio of anion to cation equivalent concentration（AE/CE） inPM1 and PM2.5 was >1，whereas that in PM10 was <1，highlighting noticeable differences in aerosol acidity. The AE/CE of the three kinds of particulate matter on New Year's Eve were 2.3，1.8，and 1.6，respectively. The result indicated that the three kinds of particulate matter were strongly acidic，which was mainly related to the large number of anions emitted by fireworks. During polluted days，SNA predominantly existed as ammonium sulfate［（NH4）2SO4］，Ammonium bisulfate（NH4HSO4），and ammonium nitrate（NH4NO2），while on New Year's Eve，SNA existed as NH4HSO4 and NH4NO2. The results of secondary transformation showed that sulfate and nitrate were not only derived from primary emission，but also from the secondary formation of the heterogeneous aqueous reaction of gaseous precursors.
To investigate the pollution characteristics and sources of water soluble inorganic ions（WSIIs） in particulate matter with different particle sizes during winter，ultrafine particle（PM1），fine particulate matter（PM2.5），and inhalable particles（PM10） samples were collected in Hohhot from January 5 to February 4，2017. Eight kinds of WSIIs were determined using ion chromatography（IC）. Their compositions，existing forms，and secondary transformation characteristics were analyzed. The results suggested that the average daily WSIIs concentrations ofPM1，PM2.5， and PM10 on polluted days were 3.1，3.1，and 3.0 times that observed on clean days，accounting for 37.1%，40.5%，and 29.9% of the total mass concentration of particulate matter，respectively. Sulfate（SO42-），nitrate（NO3-），and ammonium（NH4+）［abbreviated as SNA］ were the predominant ions of WSIIs on polluted days，accounting for 73.3%，75.0%，and 74.0% of the total WSIIs in the three kinds of particulate matter，respectively. The concentrations of chloride ion（Cl-） inPM1，PM2.5， and PM10 on New Year's Eve were 8.0，7.3，and 6.5 times that observed on clean days，respectively. The concentrations of magnesium ion（Mg2+） on New Year's Eve were 11.2，8.3，and 5.6 times that observed on clean days，respectively. This indicated that fireworks had a greater contribution to the Cl- and Mg2+ in particulate matter in Hohhot. The ratio of anion to cation equivalent concentration（AE/CE） inPM1 and PM2.5 was >1，whereas that in PM10 was <1，highlighting noticeable differences in aerosol acidity. The AE/CE of the three kinds of particulate matter on New Year's Eve were 2.3，1.8，and 1.6，respectively. The result indicated that the three kinds of particulate matter were strongly acidic，which was mainly related to the large number of anions emitted by fireworks. During polluted days，SNA predominantly existed as ammonium sulfate［（NH4）2SO4］，Ammonium bisulfate（NH4HSO4），and ammonium nitrate（NH4NO2），while on New Year's Eve，SNA existed as NH4HSO4 and NH4NO2. The results of secondary transformation showed that sulfate and nitrate were not only derived from primary emission，but also from the secondary formation of the heterogeneous aqueous reaction of gaseous precursors.
2025,17(6):114-119, DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6732.2025.06.016
Abstract:
Based on the hourly precipitation data and the hourly atmospheric particulate matter data， including fine particulate matter（PM2.5） and inhalable particulate matter（PM10）， from January 1， 2019 to December 31， 2023， this study used statistical methods to explore the removal effect of different precipitation amounts， durations， and intensities on atmospheric particulate matter， and analyzed the removal capacity of typical precipitation processes. The analysis showed that the removal efficiency of precipitation events on atmospheric particulate matter was jointly affected by precipitation amount， duration， and intensity. The increase in these three factors enhanced the removal efficiency of PM2.510， accompanied by an increase in the positive removal ratio. Continuous precipitation significantly enhanced the wet removal of atmospheric particulate matter， effectively reducing the mass concentration of PM2.5 and PM10. However， intermittent precipitation was less effective in eliminating atmospheric particulate matter. Before and after precipitation， there was a significant positive correlation between the removal efficiency of PM2.5 and PM10 and precipitation amount. This study can provide a reference for the timing selection of atmospheric pollution control and artificial precipitation operations.
Based on the hourly precipitation data and the hourly atmospheric particulate matter data， including fine particulate matter（PM2.5） and inhalable particulate matter（PM10）， from January 1， 2019 to December 31， 2023， this study used statistical methods to explore the removal effect of different precipitation amounts， durations， and intensities on atmospheric particulate matter， and analyzed the removal capacity of typical precipitation processes. The analysis showed that the removal efficiency of precipitation events on atmospheric particulate matter was jointly affected by precipitation amount， duration， and intensity. The increase in these three factors enhanced the removal efficiency of PM2.510， accompanied by an increase in the positive removal ratio. Continuous precipitation significantly enhanced the wet removal of atmospheric particulate matter， effectively reducing the mass concentration of PM2.5 and PM10. However， intermittent precipitation was less effective in eliminating atmospheric particulate matter. Before and after precipitation， there was a significant positive correlation between the removal efficiency of PM2.5 and PM10 and precipitation amount. This study can provide a reference for the timing selection of atmospheric pollution control and artificial precipitation operations.
2025,17(6):120-130, DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6732.2025.06.017
Abstract:
The loss of nitrogen and phosphorus during agricultural production is one of the important causes of agricultural non-point source pollution. Estimating the pollution load of nitrogen and phosphorus in farmland and analyzing the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of pollutants are helpful for protecting the ecological security of the water environment and the green and sustainable development of agriculture. The distributed pollution estimation with remote sensing（DPeRS） model was used to couple multi-source remote sensing data to estimate the distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus pollutants in agricultural space in Dengzhou City in 2010 and 2020，and the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics and changes of non point source pollution in Dengzhou City were comprehensively analyzed. The research results show that：（1） The overall spatial distribution of agricultural non point source nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in Dengzhou City in 2010 and 2020 is similar. The high-value areas of pollutant load are mostly distributed in the Zhulian Mountains in the southwest and the mountainous hills in the northwest，as well as the area where the Diao River flows through Gaoji Township. The rest were distributed alternately in the vast plain cultivated land area of Dengzhou City. The main source of pollution was the excessive use of chemical fertilizers in farmland，and there was a large area of soil nitrogen and phosphorus enrichment；（2） The agricultural non-point source nitrogen pollution in all townships in Dengzhou City was alleviated in 2020 compared with 2010，and the nitrogen pollution load in each township decreased to varying degrees overall； however，the phosphorus pollution load in all townships in 2020 showed an overall obvious upward trend compared with 2010，and the pollution risk increased significantly. Based on the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of agricultural nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in Dengzhou City，effective measures should be taken according to local conditions to promote the precise control of agricultural non-point source pollution.
The loss of nitrogen and phosphorus during agricultural production is one of the important causes of agricultural non-point source pollution. Estimating the pollution load of nitrogen and phosphorus in farmland and analyzing the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of pollutants are helpful for protecting the ecological security of the water environment and the green and sustainable development of agriculture. The distributed pollution estimation with remote sensing（DPeRS） model was used to couple multi-source remote sensing data to estimate the distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus pollutants in agricultural space in Dengzhou City in 2010 and 2020，and the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics and changes of non point source pollution in Dengzhou City were comprehensively analyzed. The research results show that：（1） The overall spatial distribution of agricultural non point source nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in Dengzhou City in 2010 and 2020 is similar. The high-value areas of pollutant load are mostly distributed in the Zhulian Mountains in the southwest and the mountainous hills in the northwest，as well as the area where the Diao River flows through Gaoji Township. The rest were distributed alternately in the vast plain cultivated land area of Dengzhou City. The main source of pollution was the excessive use of chemical fertilizers in farmland，and there was a large area of soil nitrogen and phosphorus enrichment；（2） The agricultural non-point source nitrogen pollution in all townships in Dengzhou City was alleviated in 2020 compared with 2010，and the nitrogen pollution load in each township decreased to varying degrees overall； however，the phosphorus pollution load in all townships in 2020 showed an overall obvious upward trend compared with 2010，and the pollution risk increased significantly. Based on the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of agricultural nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in Dengzhou City，effective measures should be taken according to local conditions to promote the precise control of agricultural non-point source pollution.
2025,17(6):131-163, DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6732.2025.06.018
Abstract:
At present，the risk assessment of groundwater in China mainly focuses on the risks posed by pollutants to human health within the site，while the potential impacts on sensitive receptors such as downstream rivers are often overlooked. This study took a relocated glass factory site with a 30-year production history as the research object. Based on the identification of the spatial distribution range of groundwater pollutants during the preliminary and detailed investigation stages，for pollutants with high concentrations but no exposure pathways to human health，a multi-dimensional comprehensive risk assessment was conducted by constructing an aquifer vulnerability evaluation model and a pollutant solute transport model. The results showed that the maximum exceedance multiples of fluoride and arsenic in the groundwater of the study area were 14.6 and 54.8 times the IV-class limit values of the Groundwater Quality Standard（GB/T 14848—2017），respectively. The pollution was mainly concentrated at the eastern boundary adjacent to the upstream production workshop，with the maximum pollution depth of groundwater reaching 18 meters. Since there are no exposure pathways for fluoride and arsenic，they do not pose carcinogenic or non-carcinogenic risks to human health. The overall vulnerability of the aquifer in the study area is relatively high，making it susceptible to pollution. The simulation results showed that，considering the convection and dispersion effects under the condition that groundwater continuously discharges into the river，after 50 years，the highest concentration at the center of the pollution plume would significantly decrease，and the pollution plume range would not exceed the site boundary，thus not posing ecological hazards to the downstream river.
At present，the risk assessment of groundwater in China mainly focuses on the risks posed by pollutants to human health within the site，while the potential impacts on sensitive receptors such as downstream rivers are often overlooked. This study took a relocated glass factory site with a 30-year production history as the research object. Based on the identification of the spatial distribution range of groundwater pollutants during the preliminary and detailed investigation stages，for pollutants with high concentrations but no exposure pathways to human health，a multi-dimensional comprehensive risk assessment was conducted by constructing an aquifer vulnerability evaluation model and a pollutant solute transport model. The results showed that the maximum exceedance multiples of fluoride and arsenic in the groundwater of the study area were 14.6 and 54.8 times the IV-class limit values of the Groundwater Quality Standard（GB/T 14848—2017），respectively. The pollution was mainly concentrated at the eastern boundary adjacent to the upstream production workshop，with the maximum pollution depth of groundwater reaching 18 meters. Since there are no exposure pathways for fluoride and arsenic，they do not pose carcinogenic or non-carcinogenic risks to human health. The overall vulnerability of the aquifer in the study area is relatively high，making it susceptible to pollution. The simulation results showed that，considering the convection and dispersion effects under the condition that groundwater continuously discharges into the river，after 50 years，the highest concentration at the center of the pollution plume would significantly decrease，and the pollution plume range would not exceed the site boundary，thus not posing ecological hazards to the downstream river.
A Newly Recorded Species of the Genus Apatania（Trichoptera：Apataniidae） from Jiangsu Province，China
2025,17(6):137-141, DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6732.2025.06.019
Abstract:
A newly recorded species of the caddisfly genus Apatania（Trichoptera：Apataniidae） from Jiangsu Province，China，Apatania yenchingensis Ulmer，1932 is documented. A detailed morphological description of the species is provided，accompanied by illustrations of the male genitalia. Additionally，the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I（COI） gene sequence of this species was obtained for the first time. A phylogenetic tree was constructed based on this gene fragment to evaluate the phylogenetic relationships between Apatania yenchingensis and its congeneric species. All voucher specimens from this study are deposited in the insect museum of Nanjing Agricultural University（NJAU）.
A newly recorded species of the caddisfly genus Apatania（Trichoptera：Apataniidae） from Jiangsu Province，China，Apatania yenchingensis Ulmer，1932 is documented. A detailed morphological description of the species is provided，accompanied by illustrations of the male genitalia. Additionally，the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I（COI） gene sequence of this species was obtained for the first time. A phylogenetic tree was constructed based on this gene fragment to evaluate the phylogenetic relationships between Apatania yenchingensis and its congeneric species. All voucher specimens from this study are deposited in the insect museum of Nanjing Agricultural University（NJAU）.
2025,17(6):142-144, DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6732.2025.06.020
Abstract:
In 2014，during a bird survey conducted at Haiyin Temple in Xiaoyangkou，Rudong County，Nantong City，Jiangsu Province，one Prunella montanella and one Phoenicurus ochruros were found. According to a review of the literature and the China Bird Watching Record Center（http：//www.birdreport.cn/）, the data confirmed that both were new records of birds in Jiangsu Province，and their residency patterns in Jiangsu are briefly discussed in this study.
In 2014，during a bird survey conducted at Haiyin Temple in Xiaoyangkou，Rudong County，Nantong City，Jiangsu Province，one Prunella montanella and one Phoenicurus ochruros were found. According to a review of the literature and the China Bird Watching Record Center（http：//www.birdreport.cn/）, the data confirmed that both were new records of birds in Jiangsu Province，and their residency patterns in Jiangsu are briefly discussed in this study.
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- 新污染物与环境健康研究专刊（2025年第5期）
- 生物多样性保护及监测专刊（2024年第5期）
- 大气污染预警溯源与碳监测技术研究专刊（2023年第5期）
- 有机污染物监测溯源及风险评估专刊（2022年第5期）
- 环境与健康研究专刊（2021年第5期）
- 新型污染物环境监测技术及风险预警专刊（2020年第5期）
- 生态环境遥感监测专刊（2019年第5期）
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Abstract:
Based on the monitoring data of rural surface water environmental quality in China from 2015 to 2021, the characteristics of rural surface water environmental quality has been analyzed. Relevant parameters of agricultural and rural social and economic activities were selected, and the correlation analysis was carried out with the proportion of major factors exceeding the standard in rural surface water. Taking 2020 as the base year, a cluster analysis was carried out on 9 indicators in 31 administrative regions across the country, covering three aspects: rural surface water quality, agricultural and rural activity level and pollution pressure, and environmental capacity. The results showed that the change trend, seasonal characteristics and main over standard factors of rural surface water in China showed obvious agricultural non point source pollution characteristics. The parameters such as rural population, agricultural input use and economic crop planting proportion have strong correlation with the main indicators exceeding the standard (R>0.9); Cluster analysis divides 31 administrative regions into 7 different types of agricultural non point source pollution. According to the characteristics of agricultural non point source pollution in different regions, some points are recommen ded such as promotion of standardized scale breeding, resource utilization of livestock and poultry manure, chemical fertilizer reduction action, promotion of efficient low risk pesticides and other agricultural non point source pollution control measures according to local conditions, further increase of the construction of rural domestic sewage treatment facilities, improvement of the rural environmental quality monitoring network, and strengthening the monitoring and evaluation of agricultural non point source pollution.
Based on the monitoring data of rural surface water environmental quality in China from 2015 to 2021, the characteristics of rural surface water environmental quality has been analyzed. Relevant parameters of agricultural and rural social and economic activities were selected, and the correlation analysis was carried out with the proportion of major factors exceeding the standard in rural surface water. Taking 2020 as the base year, a cluster analysis was carried out on 9 indicators in 31 administrative regions across the country, covering three aspects: rural surface water quality, agricultural and rural activity level and pollution pressure, and environmental capacity. The results showed that the change trend, seasonal characteristics and main over standard factors of rural surface water in China showed obvious agricultural non point source pollution characteristics. The parameters such as rural population, agricultural input use and economic crop planting proportion have strong correlation with the main indicators exceeding the standard (R>0.9); Cluster analysis divides 31 administrative regions into 7 different types of agricultural non point source pollution. According to the characteristics of agricultural non point source pollution in different regions, some points are recommen ded such as promotion of standardized scale breeding, resource utilization of livestock and poultry manure, chemical fertilizer reduction action, promotion of efficient low risk pesticides and other agricultural non point source pollution control measures according to local conditions, further increase of the construction of rural domestic sewage treatment facilities, improvement of the rural environmental quality monitoring network, and strengthening the monitoring and evaluation of agricultural non point source pollution.
Abstract:
Dahuofang Reservoir is one of the nine key water sources for urban water supply in China. As an important drinking water source in Liaoning Province, the water quality in the reservoir directly affects the drinking water safety and health of people in the region. The characteristics and the sources of polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in surface water, sediment and fish samples were analyzed. The potential health risks of PFAS were evaluated by the health risk quotient. The results showed that the total concentration of PFAS in surface water ranged from 1.81～8.19 ng/L and showed a decreasing trend over time, among which PFOA and PFPA were the main contaminants. Only three contaminants (PFOA, PFUnA and PFDoDA) were detected in the sediment, with ΣPFAS concentrations ranged from 0.16 to 0.48 ng/g. The concentrations of PFAS in the muscles of different fishes followed an order of Wuchang fish (2.49 ng/g)>carp (2.30 ng/g)>silver carp (2.02 ng/g)>bighead (2.01 ng/g), and the main pollutant was PFPA. It was inferred that PFAS in the water environment of Dahuofang reservoir area mainly came from industrial and domestic pollution sources such as mining, electroplating and painting based on the principal component analysis and correlation analysis. The health risk assessment results showed that there was no risk for the PFAS in surface water and fish samples.
Dahuofang Reservoir is one of the nine key water sources for urban water supply in China. As an important drinking water source in Liaoning Province, the water quality in the reservoir directly affects the drinking water safety and health of people in the region. The characteristics and the sources of polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in surface water, sediment and fish samples were analyzed. The potential health risks of PFAS were evaluated by the health risk quotient. The results showed that the total concentration of PFAS in surface water ranged from 1.81～8.19 ng/L and showed a decreasing trend over time, among which PFOA and PFPA were the main contaminants. Only three contaminants (PFOA, PFUnA and PFDoDA) were detected in the sediment, with ΣPFAS concentrations ranged from 0.16 to 0.48 ng/g. The concentrations of PFAS in the muscles of different fishes followed an order of Wuchang fish (2.49 ng/g)>carp (2.30 ng/g)>silver carp (2.02 ng/g)>bighead (2.01 ng/g), and the main pollutant was PFPA. It was inferred that PFAS in the water environment of Dahuofang reservoir area mainly came from industrial and domestic pollution sources such as mining, electroplating and painting based on the principal component analysis and correlation analysis. The health risk assessment results showed that there was no risk for the PFAS in surface water and fish samples.
Abstract:
The spatial distribution and pollution characteristics of Perfluoroalkyl and Poly fluoroalkylated substances (PFASs) in the surface water environment at home and abroad are reviewed, and the sources and characteristics of PFASs are summarized. Aiming at the problems existing in the monitoring types, monitoring technologies and risk assessment of PFASs in surface water, suggestions are put forward on strengthening regular monitoring with strong focus on emerging PFASs, establishing new technologies with high specificity and high sensitivity, and screening suitable aquatic lives as environmental pollution indicators for assessment of emerging pollutants. It provides a feasible scientific reference for the investigation and remediation of the current situation of PFASs pollution in our country's surface water environment in the future.
The spatial distribution and pollution characteristics of Perfluoroalkyl and Poly fluoroalkylated substances (PFASs) in the surface water environment at home and abroad are reviewed, and the sources and characteristics of PFASs are summarized. Aiming at the problems existing in the monitoring types, monitoring technologies and risk assessment of PFASs in surface water, suggestions are put forward on strengthening regular monitoring with strong focus on emerging PFASs, establishing new technologies with high specificity and high sensitivity, and screening suitable aquatic lives as environmental pollution indicators for assessment of emerging pollutants. It provides a feasible scientific reference for the investigation and remediation of the current situation of PFASs pollution in our country's surface water environment in the future.
Abstract:
Based on the current status of Chinas surface water quality automatic monitoring, the current paper preliminarily discussed the early warning method system of surface water quality automatic monitoring. The overall technical route of early warning on automatic water quality monitoring has been put forward, and a variety of early warning model group framework has been built based on sudden change type early warning and gradual change type early warning, which can realize the single factor, multi factor combination, trend, status and other different cases of abnormal data early warning, so as to ensure the reliability and accuracy. Finally, the implementation of early warning method of water quality automatic monitoring was introduced through the examples such as integration of the water quality automatic monitoring data, determination and cleaning of abnormal data, establishment and operation of early warning model, process of early warning information and other aspects.
Based on the current status of Chinas surface water quality automatic monitoring, the current paper preliminarily discussed the early warning method system of surface water quality automatic monitoring. The overall technical route of early warning on automatic water quality monitoring has been put forward, and a variety of early warning model group framework has been built based on sudden change type early warning and gradual change type early warning, which can realize the single factor, multi factor combination, trend, status and other different cases of abnormal data early warning, so as to ensure the reliability and accuracy. Finally, the implementation of early warning method of water quality automatic monitoring was introduced through the examples such as integration of the water quality automatic monitoring data, determination and cleaning of abnormal data, establishment and operation of early warning model, process of early warning information and other aspects.
Abstract:
Fish is considered to be the important component of biodiversity of aquatic ecosystems. To explore the characteristics of fish communities in Jiangsu Province, a survey of fish communities in 148 surface water environmental monitoring sections was conducted during April to May 2020 using environmental DNA metabarcoding technology. A total of 418 fish OTU were detected in the environmental DNA samples, and 46 species were annotated into 10 orders, 14 families and 32 genera, and 27 species of which are Cypriniformes, accounting for 81.2% of the sequences. The results showed that the fish diversity of the Huai River basin is relatively better, followed by the Yangtze River basin and the Taihu Lake basin. The result has provided basic information on the structural characteristics of fish communities in surface water monitoring sections in Jiangsu Province, and gave a reference to the application and promotion of environmental DNA technology in the field of environmental monitoring.
Fish is considered to be the important component of biodiversity of aquatic ecosystems. To explore the characteristics of fish communities in Jiangsu Province, a survey of fish communities in 148 surface water environmental monitoring sections was conducted during April to May 2020 using environmental DNA metabarcoding technology. A total of 418 fish OTU were detected in the environmental DNA samples, and 46 species were annotated into 10 orders, 14 families and 32 genera, and 27 species of which are Cypriniformes, accounting for 81.2% of the sequences. The results showed that the fish diversity of the Huai River basin is relatively better, followed by the Yangtze River basin and the Taihu Lake basin. The result has provided basic information on the structural characteristics of fish communities in surface water monitoring sections in Jiangsu Province, and gave a reference to the application and promotion of environmental DNA technology in the field of environmental monitoring.
Abstract:
Using Hysplit and MeteoInfo models, the backward trajectory of Zhuzhou during special care period from 2017 to 2019 (October to march of the next year) was calculated, and trajectory cluster analysis was carried out, potential source contribution factor (PSCF) analysis and concentration weight trajectory (CWT) analysis were done as well. The results showed that from October to December, the potential source area of pollutants mainly distributed in the north direction, and from January to March, the source area in the south direction continued to expand, which is related to seasonal change and monsoon transformation. In December and January, the potential source area and the intensity reached the maximum, and the transmission channel came to be the clearest. The analysis of WPSCF and WCWT in each month of special care period showed that there was an obvious WPSC high value zone originated from the central and northern part of Henan Province. It went all the way south, passed by Pingdingshan, Nanyang, and Xiangyang and then went into Hubei Province. It went forward serpentinely, after it passssed by Jingzhou, it crossed the Yangtze River and entered Hunan through Yueyang Huarong, and then passed by Changde and Yiyang to reach Changsha Zhuzhou Xiangtan City Group by an arc path. This path was the main transmission channel for pollutants from the north to affect Changsha Zhuzhou Xiangtan City Group in December. WCWT analysis indicated similar results, and the channel path was wider. The potential source area in January was fan shaped in the north direction and finger shaped in Henan, Anhui and other provinces. Through the inspection of heavy pollution cases on December 5, 2017, it was found that the transmission trajectory was consistent with the analyzed transmission channel.
Using Hysplit and MeteoInfo models, the backward trajectory of Zhuzhou during special care period from 2017 to 2019 (October to march of the next year) was calculated, and trajectory cluster analysis was carried out, potential source contribution factor (PSCF) analysis and concentration weight trajectory (CWT) analysis were done as well. The results showed that from October to December, the potential source area of pollutants mainly distributed in the north direction, and from January to March, the source area in the south direction continued to expand, which is related to seasonal change and monsoon transformation. In December and January, the potential source area and the intensity reached the maximum, and the transmission channel came to be the clearest. The analysis of WPSCF and WCWT in each month of special care period showed that there was an obvious WPSC high value zone originated from the central and northern part of Henan Province. It went all the way south, passed by Pingdingshan, Nanyang, and Xiangyang and then went into Hubei Province. It went forward serpentinely, after it passssed by Jingzhou, it crossed the Yangtze River and entered Hunan through Yueyang Huarong, and then passed by Changde and Yiyang to reach Changsha Zhuzhou Xiangtan City Group by an arc path. This path was the main transmission channel for pollutants from the north to affect Changsha Zhuzhou Xiangtan City Group in December. WCWT analysis indicated similar results, and the channel path was wider. The potential source area in January was fan shaped in the north direction and finger shaped in Henan, Anhui and other provinces. Through the inspection of heavy pollution cases on December 5, 2017, it was found that the transmission trajectory was consistent with the analyzed transmission channel.
Abstract:
The monitoring of greenhouse gas (GHG) is the important supports for achieving China’s target of peak carbon emission and zero carbon. This paper summarized the GHG monitoring standards form World Meteorological Organization, China Meteorological Administration and Ministry of Ecological Environment, reviewed the major GHG measurement technologies including the non dispersive infrared method, gas chromatography, optical cavity ring down spectroscopy, off axis cavity integral system. The principles, the advantages and disadvantages of the methods were analyzed, the suitable application scenarios of different methods were proposed, the importance of sampling and calibration system was highlighted, the development of GHG measurement technology was forecasted. It is expected to provide reference and support for China’s greenhouse gas monitoring network.
The monitoring of greenhouse gas (GHG) is the important supports for achieving China’s target of peak carbon emission and zero carbon. This paper summarized the GHG monitoring standards form World Meteorological Organization, China Meteorological Administration and Ministry of Ecological Environment, reviewed the major GHG measurement technologies including the non dispersive infrared method, gas chromatography, optical cavity ring down spectroscopy, off axis cavity integral system. The principles, the advantages and disadvantages of the methods were analyzed, the suitable application scenarios of different methods were proposed, the importance of sampling and calibration system was highlighted, the development of GHG measurement technology was forecasted. It is expected to provide reference and support for China’s greenhouse gas monitoring network.
Abstract:
Air fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution has become an important factor affecting human health, and its health effects and inflammatory mechanisms have been widely concerned by people. This article briefly describes the pollution status at home and abroad. The harm to human health was systematically expounded in terms of the chemical components of PM2.5. In addition, the toxic mechanism of PM2.5 causing body inflammation was summarized and discussed from two aspects of signal pathway and autophagy, so as to provide the corresponding scientific reference basis for the follow up research and control of the harm of atmospheric particulate matter to body health.
Air fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution has become an important factor affecting human health, and its health effects and inflammatory mechanisms have been widely concerned by people. This article briefly describes the pollution status at home and abroad. The harm to human health was systematically expounded in terms of the chemical components of PM2.5. In addition, the toxic mechanism of PM2.5 causing body inflammation was summarized and discussed from two aspects of signal pathway and autophagy, so as to provide the corresponding scientific reference basis for the follow up research and control of the harm of atmospheric particulate matter to body health.
Abstract:
This study investigated the variation trend of air quality in Beijing and its causes by using the data of air pollutants and meteorological conditions from 2013 to 2018. The results showed that the air quality of Beijing improved obviously in the past six years, there were 227 days reached primary and secondary standards in 2018 compared with 176 days in 2013. Heavy polluted days decreased year by year, from 58 days in 2013 to 14 days in 2018. Due to the influence of pollution source emissions, climate phenomenon and meteorological conditions, the average PM2.5 concentration in Beijing has shown a trend of decrease with fluctuation in the past six years, which is more significantly in autumn and winter. The PM2.5 pollution was significant in the fall and winter of 2014—2016, the average concentration of PM2.5 reached the level of middle pollution in October 2014, November—December 2015 and December 2016. However, the average monthly concentration of PM2.5 did not reached the polluted level in autumn and winter of 2017—2018. In addition, the results of correlation analysis showed that the surface relative humidity and intermediate temperature have a strong positive correlation with air pollutants, while the north wind frequency and surface wind speed have a negative correlation. Based on the meteorological conditions and gaseous pollutants such as CO, SO2 and NO2, the PM2.5 concentration was well reproduced by the multiple fitting model. Correlation coefficients between the calculated values and observed values were ranging from 0.900 to 0.947, which further confirmed that meteorological conditions and pollution source emission have a significant influence on PM2.5 pollution.
This study investigated the variation trend of air quality in Beijing and its causes by using the data of air pollutants and meteorological conditions from 2013 to 2018. The results showed that the air quality of Beijing improved obviously in the past six years, there were 227 days reached primary and secondary standards in 2018 compared with 176 days in 2013. Heavy polluted days decreased year by year, from 58 days in 2013 to 14 days in 2018. Due to the influence of pollution source emissions, climate phenomenon and meteorological conditions, the average PM2.5 concentration in Beijing has shown a trend of decrease with fluctuation in the past six years, which is more significantly in autumn and winter. The PM2.5 pollution was significant in the fall and winter of 2014—2016, the average concentration of PM2.5 reached the level of middle pollution in October 2014, November—December 2015 and December 2016. However, the average monthly concentration of PM2.5 did not reached the polluted level in autumn and winter of 2017—2018. In addition, the results of correlation analysis showed that the surface relative humidity and intermediate temperature have a strong positive correlation with air pollutants, while the north wind frequency and surface wind speed have a negative correlation. Based on the meteorological conditions and gaseous pollutants such as CO, SO2 and NO2, the PM2.5 concentration was well reproduced by the multiple fitting model. Correlation coefficients between the calculated values and observed values were ranging from 0.900 to 0.947, which further confirmed that meteorological conditions and pollution source emission have a significant influence on PM2.5 pollution.
Abstract:
Sediment samples from 63 monitoring points in Yangcheng Lake were collected in February 2020, and the mass ratios of total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN) and organic matter (OM) in sediments were determined. Their spatial distribution characteristics in 6 areas of Yangcheng Lake (southeast, northeast, south-central, north-central, southwest and northwest) were analyzed, and pollution assessment was carried out based on comprehensive pollution index (FF) and organic pollution index (OI). The results show that the mean values of ω(TN),ω(TP) and ω(OM) in sediments are 1 102, 822 mg/kg and 32.8 g/kg, respectively. Among them, there are high differences in the spatial distribution of ω(TN) and ω(OM). The overall spatial distribution of ω(TP) shows a gradually decreasing trend from west lake to middle lake and east lake, while ω(TN) and ω(OM) are opposite to ω(TP); The evaluation results of TN pollution index, TP pollution index, FF and OI of the whole lake are Grade 2 (mild pollution), Grade 4 (severe pollution), Grade 3 (moderate pollution) and Grade III (still clean), respectively.
Sediment samples from 63 monitoring points in Yangcheng Lake were collected in February 2020, and the mass ratios of total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN) and organic matter (OM) in sediments were determined. Their spatial distribution characteristics in 6 areas of Yangcheng Lake (southeast, northeast, south-central, north-central, southwest and northwest) were analyzed, and pollution assessment was carried out based on comprehensive pollution index (FF) and organic pollution index (OI). The results show that the mean values of ω(TN),ω(TP) and ω(OM) in sediments are 1 102, 822 mg/kg and 32.8 g/kg, respectively. Among them, there are high differences in the spatial distribution of ω(TN) and ω(OM). The overall spatial distribution of ω(TP) shows a gradually decreasing trend from west lake to middle lake and east lake, while ω(TN) and ω(OM) are opposite to ω(TP); The evaluation results of TN pollution index, TP pollution index, FF and OI of the whole lake are Grade 2 (mild pollution), Grade 4 (severe pollution), Grade 3 (moderate pollution) and Grade III (still clean), respectively.
Abstract:
A method was established to simultaneously determine 116 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ambient air by GC-MS equipped with cold oven technique followed by canister sampling and cryogenic pre concentration. Ambient air was collected by a SUMMA canister and pre concentrated by liquid nitrogen. Total 116 VOCs was separated on one capillary column with only one injection and then analyzed by MS detector. By optimizing parameters of pre concentration and temperature programming, low carbon compounds were successfully remained on the capillary column with initial temperature starting at -35℃. Therefore, both low carbon and high carbon compounds could be simultaneously separated on one capillary column. This instrument was simple without too many accessories such as deans switch and auxiliary detectors. The quantitative method exhibited a good linearity. Both the precision and accuracy could meet the quality control requirements. The detection limits were in the range of 0.03×10-9to 0.10×10-9, and this method was applicable for the determination of VOCs in ambient air.
A method was established to simultaneously determine 116 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ambient air by GC-MS equipped with cold oven technique followed by canister sampling and cryogenic pre concentration. Ambient air was collected by a SUMMA canister and pre concentrated by liquid nitrogen. Total 116 VOCs was separated on one capillary column with only one injection and then analyzed by MS detector. By optimizing parameters of pre concentration and temperature programming, low carbon compounds were successfully remained on the capillary column with initial temperature starting at -35℃. Therefore, both low carbon and high carbon compounds could be simultaneously separated on one capillary column. This instrument was simple without too many accessories such as deans switch and auxiliary detectors. The quantitative method exhibited a good linearity. Both the precision and accuracy could meet the quality control requirements. The detection limits were in the range of 0.03×10-9to 0.10×10-9, and this method was applicable for the determination of VOCs in ambient air.
Abstract:
A method for analysis of 10 perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) was established using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC MS/MS).good linear relationship in the range from 10 to 500 ng/L. The detection limits were 2.3 to 8.3 ng/L and the precision was 2.1% to 7.1%. The recoveries 10 PFCs in wastewater ranged from 60.6% to 91.7%. The results showed that PFOA, PFHxS and PFBS were main pollutants in influents ranging from 909 to 206 ng/L. PFOA and PFHxS had been mainly detected in effluents ranging from 67.4 to 158 ng/L. The daily es of PFCs at six WWTPS were 6.7 to 22.9 g/d. The method was suitable for the detection of PFCs residues in wastewater from WWTPs.
A method for analysis of 10 perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) was established using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC MS/MS).good linear relationship in the range from 10 to 500 ng/L. The detection limits were 2.3 to 8.3 ng/L and the precision was 2.1% to 7.1%. The recoveries 10 PFCs in wastewater ranged from 60.6% to 91.7%. The results showed that PFOA, PFHxS and PFBS were main pollutants in influents ranging from 909 to 206 ng/L. PFOA and PFHxS had been mainly detected in effluents ranging from 67.4 to 158 ng/L. The daily es of PFCs at six WWTPS were 6.7 to 22.9 g/d. The method was suitable for the detection of PFCs residues in wastewater from WWTPs.
Abstract:
This study briefly reviews the research advance on the genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of Disinfection by poroducts(DBPs) in drinking water. This article summarizes the genotoxicity of DBPs from the results of the Ames test, SOS/umu test, comet test, micronucleus test, and some novel mutagenic tests; the carcinogenicity of DBPs is analyzed from three aspects: toxicology test, epidemiological research, and carcinogenic risk assessment. The review provides references for future research on the toxic effects and mechanisms of DBPs in drinking water, and promotes the development of drinking water quality management and legislation.
This study briefly reviews the research advance on the genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of Disinfection by poroducts(DBPs) in drinking water. This article summarizes the genotoxicity of DBPs from the results of the Ames test, SOS/umu test, comet test, micronucleus test, and some novel mutagenic tests; the carcinogenicity of DBPs is analyzed from three aspects: toxicology test, epidemiological research, and carcinogenic risk assessment. The review provides references for future research on the toxic effects and mechanisms of DBPs in drinking water, and promotes the development of drinking water quality management and legislation.
Abstract:
This study summarizes the main pathogenic bacteria and corresponding diseases in water environment, and the latest development of the molecular biological techniques of aquatic pathogens including polymerase chain reaction (PCR), quantitative real time PCR, isothermal amplification technique, biosensors, and high throughput sequencing. The advantages, disadvantages, and application characteristics of these different detection techniques are also analyzed. Furthermore, this study suggests the future development direction of molecular biological technologies for detecting pathogenic bacteria in water environment and tries to provide new research ideas and technological supports for detection and control of aquatic pathogens.
This study summarizes the main pathogenic bacteria and corresponding diseases in water environment, and the latest development of the molecular biological techniques of aquatic pathogens including polymerase chain reaction (PCR), quantitative real time PCR, isothermal amplification technique, biosensors, and high throughput sequencing. The advantages, disadvantages, and application characteristics of these different detection techniques are also analyzed. Furthermore, this study suggests the future development direction of molecular biological technologies for detecting pathogenic bacteria in water environment and tries to provide new research ideas and technological supports for detection and control of aquatic pathogens.
Abstract:
In order to study the applicability of biological acute toxicity monitoring method to the monitoring of effluent from typical chemical wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), 4 levels of subject creatures, including photobacterium, algae,Daphnia magna and Danio rerio were selected to test the acute toxicity of the effluent from 2 typical chemical WWTPs (Chang A and Chang B). Acute toxicity of luminescent bacteria and chlorophyll-fluorescence toxicity of plant algae were detected in both two WWTPs. The acute toxicity of influent was usually greater than effluent, but the effluent showed highly toxicity when a large number of oxidizing disinfectants were added. The maximum value of chlorophyll-fluorescence toxicity appeared in the influent of Chang B. The acute toxicity of Daphnia magna and Danio rerio was only detected in the water samples from Chang B. Though the water samples downstream the receiving river showed no acute toxicity, the development malformation of Danio rerio were observed. Among the four methods of acute toxicity detection, luminescent bacteria are the most widely used, and the methods of acute toxicity of plant algal chlorophyll fluorescence,Daphnia magna and Danio rerio are alternative according to the purpose of monitoring and the characteristics of industrial parks. The experimental results can provide a choice for normalizing the monitoring of biological toxicity in the process of effluent discharge in industrial WWTPs and provide a basis for the management department to formulate the discharge standards.
In order to study the applicability of biological acute toxicity monitoring method to the monitoring of effluent from typical chemical wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), 4 levels of subject creatures, including photobacterium, algae,Daphnia magna and Danio rerio were selected to test the acute toxicity of the effluent from 2 typical chemical WWTPs (Chang A and Chang B). Acute toxicity of luminescent bacteria and chlorophyll-fluorescence toxicity of plant algae were detected in both two WWTPs. The acute toxicity of influent was usually greater than effluent, but the effluent showed highly toxicity when a large number of oxidizing disinfectants were added. The maximum value of chlorophyll-fluorescence toxicity appeared in the influent of Chang B. The acute toxicity of Daphnia magna and Danio rerio was only detected in the water samples from Chang B. Though the water samples downstream the receiving river showed no acute toxicity, the development malformation of Danio rerio were observed. Among the four methods of acute toxicity detection, luminescent bacteria are the most widely used, and the methods of acute toxicity of plant algal chlorophyll fluorescence,Daphnia magna and Danio rerio are alternative according to the purpose of monitoring and the characteristics of industrial parks. The experimental results can provide a choice for normalizing the monitoring of biological toxicity in the process of effluent discharge in industrial WWTPs and provide a basis for the management department to formulate the discharge standards.
Abstract:
The C2RCC processor , which is based on neuro network algorithm and implemented on SNAP software for remote sensing data, was used to the retrieval of chlorophyll a(Chl a) and total suspended matter(TSM) concentrations from Sentinel 3 OLCI imagery in south Yellow Sea, China. The results were compared with chlorophyll a and TSM concentrations of the in situ surface water samples in May,2019 through the cruise conducted by Jiangsu Provincial Marine Environment Monitoring and Forecasting Center. The results showed retrieval of Chl a hasn’t be able to cater for routine operational application. The spatial pattern of TSM showed better agreement with measured data. In Nantong sub region of south Yellow Sea, when the sampling dates were 1 day difference with or of the same day as Setinel 3, the coincidence of spatial variability patterns from satellite and in situ cruise for Chl a , and retrieved and in situ TSM, showed favorable agreements, hence remote sensing retrievals can to some extent meet operational requirements of monitoring the sub region ecosystem of south Yellow Sea.
The C2RCC processor , which is based on neuro network algorithm and implemented on SNAP software for remote sensing data, was used to the retrieval of chlorophyll a(Chl a) and total suspended matter(TSM) concentrations from Sentinel 3 OLCI imagery in south Yellow Sea, China. The results were compared with chlorophyll a and TSM concentrations of the in situ surface water samples in May,2019 through the cruise conducted by Jiangsu Provincial Marine Environment Monitoring and Forecasting Center. The results showed retrieval of Chl a hasn’t be able to cater for routine operational application. The spatial pattern of TSM showed better agreement with measured data. In Nantong sub region of south Yellow Sea, when the sampling dates were 1 day difference with or of the same day as Setinel 3, the coincidence of spatial variability patterns from satellite and in situ cruise for Chl a , and retrieved and in situ TSM, showed favorable agreements, hence remote sensing retrievals can to some extent meet operational requirements of monitoring the sub region ecosystem of south Yellow Sea.
Abstract:
The characteristics and sources of heavy metals in PM2.5 of Pudong urban and suburban areas in 2017 were analyzed. The results showed that K, Fe, Na, Ca, Mg and Al were the dominant metal elements in PM2.5. The annual mean value of K was 2973 ng/m3.In Pudong urban area, different elements showed different variation characteristics. While most of the elements in suburban area varied as follows: there was a monthly decline during spring, and fluctuations were observed in summer and in fall, but an increase was found after October. Source analysis showed that: dust + road source + construction dust, coal combustion, industrial emissions, metal smelting, ship emissions, sea salt + garbage incineration + biomass combustion were the six main sources of heavy metal elements in PM2.5 in urban areas of Pudong new area. The contribution rate of dust + road source + construction dust to Ca was 82.7%, coal combustion to As was 86.6%, industrial emissions to SO2-4 was 65.9%, metal smelting to Cr was 75.7%, ship emissions to V was 97.5%, sea salt + garbage incineration + biomass combustion to Cl- was 93.0%. The main sources of coal combustion and metal smelting were from the west. Ship discharge distributed in the Yangtze estuary and its extension zone. The concentration of heavy metal elements in PM2.5 in Pudong New Area is closely related to the emission intensity of local sources, external transmission and atmospheric diffusion conditions.
The characteristics and sources of heavy metals in PM2.5 of Pudong urban and suburban areas in 2017 were analyzed. The results showed that K, Fe, Na, Ca, Mg and Al were the dominant metal elements in PM2.5. The annual mean value of K was 2973 ng/m3.In Pudong urban area, different elements showed different variation characteristics. While most of the elements in suburban area varied as follows: there was a monthly decline during spring, and fluctuations were observed in summer and in fall, but an increase was found after October. Source analysis showed that: dust + road source + construction dust, coal combustion, industrial emissions, metal smelting, ship emissions, sea salt + garbage incineration + biomass combustion were the six main sources of heavy metal elements in PM2.5 in urban areas of Pudong new area. The contribution rate of dust + road source + construction dust to Ca was 82.7%, coal combustion to As was 86.6%, industrial emissions to SO2-4 was 65.9%, metal smelting to Cr was 75.7%, ship emissions to V was 97.5%, sea salt + garbage incineration + biomass combustion to Cl- was 93.0%. The main sources of coal combustion and metal smelting were from the west. Ship discharge distributed in the Yangtze estuary and its extension zone. The concentration of heavy metal elements in PM2.5 in Pudong New Area is closely related to the emission intensity of local sources, external transmission and atmospheric diffusion conditions.
Remote Sensing Monitoring and Assessment for Human Activities of Shandong Provincial Nature Reserves
Abstract:
Based on high resolution satellite image in 2018, the information of human land use activities on nature reserves in Shandong Province was extracted to study the impact of human activities on nature reserves. The results showed that the area of human activities accounts for 22.2% of the total area of the nature reserves, and the human activity effect indices ranged from 0 to 0.013 68. Different types of nature reserves have different areas of human activity and the main impact factor differs with each other significantly. The main human activities of forestry ecosystem nature reserves are agricultural land, while the main human activities of wetland reserves are aquaculture. Wetland nature reserve is the most serious disturbed reserve，and wildlife nature reserve is least affected by human activities.
Based on high resolution satellite image in 2018, the information of human land use activities on nature reserves in Shandong Province was extracted to study the impact of human activities on nature reserves. The results showed that the area of human activities accounts for 22.2% of the total area of the nature reserves, and the human activity effect indices ranged from 0 to 0.013 68. Different types of nature reserves have different areas of human activity and the main impact factor differs with each other significantly. The main human activities of forestry ecosystem nature reserves are agricultural land, while the main human activities of wetland reserves are aquaculture. Wetland nature reserve is the most serious disturbed reserve，and wildlife nature reserve is least affected by human activities.
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2025,17(1):119-122, DOI: DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1674-6732.2025.01.018
Abstract:
The electromagnetic radiation impact of 5G communication base stations varies significantly in different operating frequency bands and application scenarios， and is therefore of practical guidance significance for conducting regional electromagnetic environment monitoring and evaluation for batch base stations. This study conducted frequency band radiation environment monitoring on newly built 5G base stations in Bengbu City， Anhui Province， from August to December 2023. The regional survey monitoring method was used to compare and analyze the electromagnetic environment impact of 5G base stations in different frequency bands， and the current level of electromagnetic radiation environment in the 5G base station area was obtained. Three typical scenarios， including data transmission， video interaction， and no business broadcasting， were selected for actual testing. Key factors such as monitoring points and application scenarios that affect the electromagnetic radiation environment monitoring results were proposed， and suggestions were given for prioritizing the use of data transmission application scenarios in 5G base station radiation environment monitoring.
The electromagnetic radiation impact of 5G communication base stations varies significantly in different operating frequency bands and application scenarios， and is therefore of practical guidance significance for conducting regional electromagnetic environment monitoring and evaluation for batch base stations. This study conducted frequency band radiation environment monitoring on newly built 5G base stations in Bengbu City， Anhui Province， from August to December 2023. The regional survey monitoring method was used to compare and analyze the electromagnetic environment impact of 5G base stations in different frequency bands， and the current level of electromagnetic radiation environment in the 5G base station area was obtained. Three typical scenarios， including data transmission， video interaction， and no business broadcasting， were selected for actual testing. Key factors such as monitoring points and application scenarios that affect the electromagnetic radiation environment monitoring results were proposed， and suggestions were given for prioritizing the use of data transmission application scenarios in 5G base station radiation environment monitoring.
Abstract:
16 sulfur compounds in ambient air and fugitive emission samples were determined by cryo focusing gas chromatography with sulfur chemiluminescence detector (SCD) through direct injection in this study. By the optimization of instrument conditions coupled with large volume injection of 5 mL, the detection accuracy was greatly improved. Results showed that under the optimal conditions, the correlation coefficients of the linear regression equations of the 16 organic sulfides were all above 0.997, the method detection limits (MDL) were 0.14～0.59 μg/m3, and the relative standard deviations were 0.7%～4.6%. The MDL of hydrogen sulfide, carbonyl sulfur, methanethiol, methyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, carbon disulfide, thiophene, and tetrahydrothiophene were all lower than the olfactory thresholds. Our finding solves the technical issue that these sulfur compounds can be smelled but could not be detected, which is suitable for the determination of trace sulfur compounds in ambient air and fugitive emission samples.
16 sulfur compounds in ambient air and fugitive emission samples were determined by cryo focusing gas chromatography with sulfur chemiluminescence detector (SCD) through direct injection in this study. By the optimization of instrument conditions coupled with large volume injection of 5 mL, the detection accuracy was greatly improved. Results showed that under the optimal conditions, the correlation coefficients of the linear regression equations of the 16 organic sulfides were all above 0.997, the method detection limits (MDL) were 0.14～0.59 μg/m3, and the relative standard deviations were 0.7%～4.6%. The MDL of hydrogen sulfide, carbonyl sulfur, methanethiol, methyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, carbon disulfide, thiophene, and tetrahydrothiophene were all lower than the olfactory thresholds. Our finding solves the technical issue that these sulfur compounds can be smelled but could not be detected, which is suitable for the determination of trace sulfur compounds in ambient air and fugitive emission samples.
Abstract:
The evaluation of ecological environment is an important basis for the rational utilization of resources, the formulation of social and economic development plans and the countermeasures of ecological environment protection. Taking the administrative region of Henan Province as the research area, based on remote sensing images, water resources and environmental statistics, this paper comprehensively compares and analyzes the temporal and spatial changes of ecological environment and the spatial distribution of cold and hot spots in Henan Province from 2014 to 2018 by using the ecological environment index (EI) and spatial pattern analysis method.The results show that: (1) the variation range of EI value in Henan Province from 2014 to 2018 is 60.6~63.5,which shows a steady and improving trend. Except Kaifeng City and Jiyuan City, the EI values of 16 provincial cities have increased, and the EI values of Sanmenxia, Luoyang and Pingdingshan cities located in the western mountainous and hilly areas have increased significantly.(2) The hot spots of ecological environment in Henan Province from 2014 to 2018 were located in Sanmenxia City and Luoyang City in the western region, and there was no change in five years, which was relatively stable. The cold hot spot area shows high consistency with the high value and low value area of EI value.
The evaluation of ecological environment is an important basis for the rational utilization of resources, the formulation of social and economic development plans and the countermeasures of ecological environment protection. Taking the administrative region of Henan Province as the research area, based on remote sensing images, water resources and environmental statistics, this paper comprehensively compares and analyzes the temporal and spatial changes of ecological environment and the spatial distribution of cold and hot spots in Henan Province from 2014 to 2018 by using the ecological environment index (EI) and spatial pattern analysis method.The results show that: (1) the variation range of EI value in Henan Province from 2014 to 2018 is 60.6~63.5,which shows a steady and improving trend. Except Kaifeng City and Jiyuan City, the EI values of 16 provincial cities have increased, and the EI values of Sanmenxia, Luoyang and Pingdingshan cities located in the western mountainous and hilly areas have increased significantly.(2) The hot spots of ecological environment in Henan Province from 2014 to 2018 were located in Sanmenxia City and Luoyang City in the western region, and there was no change in five years, which was relatively stable. The cold hot spot area shows high consistency with the high value and low value area of EI value.
2024,16(4):53-62, DOI: DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1674-6732.2024.04.006
Abstract:
Based on the PM2.5 and O3 monitoring data and NCEP-FNL data（i.e geopotential height and u、v wind at 925 hPa） in the fall and winter（i.e.， January， February， November， and December） and the warm season（i.e.，April-October） in the central eastern region of China from 2014 to 2019， typical atmospheric circulation types（CTs） were recognized via T mode PCA classification method. The results showed that during the research period， seventeen CTs affected air quality in the Yangtze River Delta region （YRD region）， and the CTs that were prone to the occurrence of PM2.5 and O3 pollution were furtherly identified. High PM2.5 concentration in autumn and winter（i.e.， January， February， November， and December） were usually related to cold front（AW_CT2） and High Pressure Moving to Sea（AW_CT3 and AW_CT5） weather system. Atmospheric circulation conditions may be conductive for upstream pollutant transport for AW_CT2 and local accumulation for AW_CT3 and AW_CT5 respectively. While high ozone concentration in warm season（i.e.， from April to October） were associated to subtropical high control（Spring_CT1 and Summer_CT1） and uniform pressure field（Summer_CT3 and Autumn_CT2）， but there may be differences in the impacts of meteorological characteristics and photochemical processes for O3 pollution. The O3 polluted days and MDA8 O3 concentrations in the five cities of the YRD region were higher than those controlled by other CTs in the same seasons. Moreover， double high pollution was frequently occurred in Shanghai， Hangzhou and Nanjing under subtropical high control and uniform pressure field.
Based on the PM2.5 and O3 monitoring data and NCEP-FNL data（i.e geopotential height and u、v wind at 925 hPa） in the fall and winter（i.e.， January， February， November， and December） and the warm season（i.e.，April-October） in the central eastern region of China from 2014 to 2019， typical atmospheric circulation types（CTs） were recognized via T mode PCA classification method. The results showed that during the research period， seventeen CTs affected air quality in the Yangtze River Delta region （YRD region）， and the CTs that were prone to the occurrence of PM2.5 and O3 pollution were furtherly identified. High PM2.5 concentration in autumn and winter（i.e.， January， February， November， and December） were usually related to cold front（AW_CT2） and High Pressure Moving to Sea（AW_CT3 and AW_CT5） weather system. Atmospheric circulation conditions may be conductive for upstream pollutant transport for AW_CT2 and local accumulation for AW_CT3 and AW_CT5 respectively. While high ozone concentration in warm season（i.e.， from April to October） were associated to subtropical high control（Spring_CT1 and Summer_CT1） and uniform pressure field（Summer_CT3 and Autumn_CT2）， but there may be differences in the impacts of meteorological characteristics and photochemical processes for O3 pollution. The O3 polluted days and MDA8 O3 concentrations in the five cities of the YRD region were higher than those controlled by other CTs in the same seasons. Moreover， double high pollution was frequently occurred in Shanghai， Hangzhou and Nanjing under subtropical high control and uniform pressure field.
2025,17(1):8-13, DOI: DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1674-6732.2025.01.002
Abstract:
To explore the association between pulmonary nodules and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in individuals with typical air pollution exposure in Wanzhou District， Chongqing, a study was conducted from April 2022 to November 2023. 40 traffic police officers in Wanzhou District were recruited for questionnaire surveys and blood sample collection. 23 biochemical indicators were analyzed and a chest low-dose CT（LDCT） examination was performed. GC-MS was used to detect 16 types of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in serum. Based on the LDCT results， the participants were divided into two groups: those with and without pulmonary nodules. The differences in biochemical indicators and serum PAH concentrations between the two groups were compared. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the PAH types that were significantly associated with pulmonary nodules. Among the 40 participants in the study， 29 cases（72.50%） of pulmonary nodules were detected， including 5 cases（12.5%） of solitary pulmonary nodules， 24 cases（60%） of multiple pulmonary nodules， 22 cases of micronodules（55%）， and 7 cases（17.5%） of small nodules. According to LU-RADS classification, 12 cases（30%） were classfied as type 2 nodules， 16 cases（60%） as type 3 nodules， and 1 case（2.5%） as type 4 nodules. The concentrations of acenaphthene and fluoranthene in the serum of the pulmonary nodule group were significantly higher than those of the non-pulmonary nodule group（p<0.05）. Logistic regression analysis and robustness analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between that fluoranthene levels and the occurrence of pulmonary nodules（p<0.05）.
To explore the association between pulmonary nodules and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in individuals with typical air pollution exposure in Wanzhou District， Chongqing, a study was conducted from April 2022 to November 2023. 40 traffic police officers in Wanzhou District were recruited for questionnaire surveys and blood sample collection. 23 biochemical indicators were analyzed and a chest low-dose CT（LDCT） examination was performed. GC-MS was used to detect 16 types of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in serum. Based on the LDCT results， the participants were divided into two groups: those with and without pulmonary nodules. The differences in biochemical indicators and serum PAH concentrations between the two groups were compared. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the PAH types that were significantly associated with pulmonary nodules. Among the 40 participants in the study， 29 cases（72.50%） of pulmonary nodules were detected， including 5 cases（12.5%） of solitary pulmonary nodules， 24 cases（60%） of multiple pulmonary nodules， 22 cases of micronodules（55%）， and 7 cases（17.5%） of small nodules. According to LU-RADS classification, 12 cases（30%） were classfied as type 2 nodules， 16 cases（60%） as type 3 nodules， and 1 case（2.5%） as type 4 nodules. The concentrations of acenaphthene and fluoranthene in the serum of the pulmonary nodule group were significantly higher than those of the non-pulmonary nodule group（p<0.05）. Logistic regression analysis and robustness analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between that fluoranthene levels and the occurrence of pulmonary nodules（p<0.05）.
2024,16(1):68-73, DOI: DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1674-6732.2024.01.011
Abstract:
Traditional water quality detection methods are time consuming and laborious， hyperspectral based water quality monitoring enables rapid， intuitive， and in situ monitoring of water quality. In this paper， taking the Sanwan section of the ancient canal in Yangzhou as the research area， based on the combination of UAV hyperspectral and water quality navigation monitoring vessel， the water ground collaborative mode and partial least squares algorithm were used to quantitatively invert the water quality parameters such as TP， NH3-N， TN， and IMn. The results show that the R2 of the partial least squares inversion model is between 91%～97%. The order of fitting effect was NH3-N>IMn>TN>TP. The absolute value of the inversion error of each index is between 0.2%～4%. The current method has a good inversion effect and can quickly and accurately obtain the distribution of urban river water quality， which is of great significance to urban water environment monitoring.
Traditional water quality detection methods are time consuming and laborious， hyperspectral based water quality monitoring enables rapid， intuitive， and in situ monitoring of water quality. In this paper， taking the Sanwan section of the ancient canal in Yangzhou as the research area， based on the combination of UAV hyperspectral and water quality navigation monitoring vessel， the water ground collaborative mode and partial least squares algorithm were used to quantitatively invert the water quality parameters such as TP， NH3-N， TN， and IMn. The results show that the R2 of the partial least squares inversion model is between 91%～97%. The order of fitting effect was NH3-N>IMn>TN>TP. The absolute value of the inversion error of each index is between 0.2%～4%. The current method has a good inversion effect and can quickly and accurately obtain the distribution of urban river water quality， which is of great significance to urban water environment monitoring.
Abstract:
Taking the Siantang Hexi Wuxi river network which flows into Taihu Lake in Changxing County as the research object, the river network was divided into water source area, river network area, Xitiaoxi area and lake entrance area. The water quality of Changxing Countys river network in the wet season and dry season were investigated in August 2018 and January 2019, respectively. Spatial clustering method and water quality index were used to evaluate the spatial and temporal distribution of water quality. The results showed that, in general, the mean concentrations of NH3-N and TN were higher in dry season than in wet season, while the mean values of CODMn and TP were higher in wet season than in dry season. The spatial clustering analysis showed that the distribution of water quality indexes had obvious spatial differences, showing the distribution characteristics of water source area > Xitiaoxi area > river network area > lake entrance area, and the lake entrance area were the main areas of pollutant aggregation. The analysis of comprehensive water quality identification index showed that the Changjiang River network flowing into Taihu Lake met class Ⅱ and class Ⅲ surface water quality standards. The single factor water quality identification index showed that DO, CODMn, NH3-N and TP were better than class Ⅲ surface water quality standards. TN was the characteristic pollutant into Taihu Lake network. The mean mass concentration reached 2.24 mg/L in the wet season and 3.49 mg/L in the dry season, respectively. Therefore, further reduction of nitrogen pollution was the key to alleviate the eutrophication of the river network.
Taking the Siantang Hexi Wuxi river network which flows into Taihu Lake in Changxing County as the research object, the river network was divided into water source area, river network area, Xitiaoxi area and lake entrance area. The water quality of Changxing Countys river network in the wet season and dry season were investigated in August 2018 and January 2019, respectively. Spatial clustering method and water quality index were used to evaluate the spatial and temporal distribution of water quality. The results showed that, in general, the mean concentrations of NH3-N and TN were higher in dry season than in wet season, while the mean values of CODMn and TP were higher in wet season than in dry season. The spatial clustering analysis showed that the distribution of water quality indexes had obvious spatial differences, showing the distribution characteristics of water source area > Xitiaoxi area > river network area > lake entrance area, and the lake entrance area were the main areas of pollutant aggregation. The analysis of comprehensive water quality identification index showed that the Changjiang River network flowing into Taihu Lake met class Ⅱ and class Ⅲ surface water quality standards. The single factor water quality identification index showed that DO, CODMn, NH3-N and TP were better than class Ⅲ surface water quality standards. TN was the characteristic pollutant into Taihu Lake network. The mean mass concentration reached 2.24 mg/L in the wet season and 3.49 mg/L in the dry season, respectively. Therefore, further reduction of nitrogen pollution was the key to alleviate the eutrophication of the river network.
Abstract:
Based on the regular monitoring results of surface water from 2016 to 2020, it is found that the concentration of fluoride in Ruipingtang River has increased since 2017. In 2020, the average fluoride in one section reached 1.25 mg/L, 145% higher than that in 2016. From March to June 2021, traceability investigation on fluoride had been carried out. The research results showed that in 2021, the fluoride concentrations in 59.34% of the sites were more than 1.0 mg/L, 42.86% of the above sites showed fluoride concentrations more than 1.5 mg/L. The fluoride concentrations in most rivers exceeded the requirements of water function areas, posing a large potential risk to ecological environment security. The results of tracing investigation showed that agricultural sources and mines were not the sources of fluoride pollution in the Ruipingtang River, but the wastewater discharged by latex product enterprises were. At present, fluoride pollution is not mentioned in the discharge standards and environmental impact assessment of the industry, there is no fluoride removal process unit in the enterprise’s wastewater treatment facilities, and there is a lack of effective pollution prevention measures and regulatory requirements. It is proposed that the improvement of latex products industry in this region should be organized in a timely manner, fluoride treatment process units should be added, effluent quality should be improved, fluoride emission concentration limits should be determined, and further research and improvement should be made on the emission standards of this industry.
Based on the regular monitoring results of surface water from 2016 to 2020, it is found that the concentration of fluoride in Ruipingtang River has increased since 2017. In 2020, the average fluoride in one section reached 1.25 mg/L, 145% higher than that in 2016. From March to June 2021, traceability investigation on fluoride had been carried out. The research results showed that in 2021, the fluoride concentrations in 59.34% of the sites were more than 1.0 mg/L, 42.86% of the above sites showed fluoride concentrations more than 1.5 mg/L. The fluoride concentrations in most rivers exceeded the requirements of water function areas, posing a large potential risk to ecological environment security. The results of tracing investigation showed that agricultural sources and mines were not the sources of fluoride pollution in the Ruipingtang River, but the wastewater discharged by latex product enterprises were. At present, fluoride pollution is not mentioned in the discharge standards and environmental impact assessment of the industry, there is no fluoride removal process unit in the enterprise’s wastewater treatment facilities, and there is a lack of effective pollution prevention measures and regulatory requirements. It is proposed that the improvement of latex products industry in this region should be organized in a timely manner, fluoride treatment process units should be added, effluent quality should be improved, fluoride emission concentration limits should be determined, and further research and improvement should be made on the emission standards of this industry.
2024,16(3):16-22, DOI: DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1674-6732.2024.03.003
Abstract:
A method for the determination of 18 polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） in marine sediment was developed by QuEChERS coupled with gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Sediment samples were extracted with acetonitrile and cleaned up with PSA and C18 adsorbent powder. The analytes were then detected by multiple reaction monitoring （MRM） modes. The results showed that， the linear relationships of the 18 PCBs were good with the correlation coefficients ranged from 0.999 2 to 0.999 9. The average recoveries of the target compounds in marine sediments collected from adjacent sea of Lianyungang spiked at three different concentrations ranged from 70.6% to 96.5%， and the relative standard deviations ranged from 6.5% to 14.8%. The limits of detections for the target compounds were in the range of 0.02~0.08 μg/kg. It proved that， the developed method can avoid the use of large amounts of solvents， and is simple，stable，reliable and sensitive. It has been successfully applied to the analysis of trace PCBs in marine sediments.
A method for the determination of 18 polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） in marine sediment was developed by QuEChERS coupled with gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Sediment samples were extracted with acetonitrile and cleaned up with PSA and C18 adsorbent powder. The analytes were then detected by multiple reaction monitoring （MRM） modes. The results showed that， the linear relationships of the 18 PCBs were good with the correlation coefficients ranged from 0.999 2 to 0.999 9. The average recoveries of the target compounds in marine sediments collected from adjacent sea of Lianyungang spiked at three different concentrations ranged from 70.6% to 96.5%， and the relative standard deviations ranged from 6.5% to 14.8%. The limits of detections for the target compounds were in the range of 0.02~0.08 μg/kg. It proved that， the developed method can avoid the use of large amounts of solvents， and is simple，stable，reliable and sensitive. It has been successfully applied to the analysis of trace PCBs in marine sediments.
ZHANG Baofeng, CHEN Jiansong, JIN Rong, CHEN Hao, WU Lanjia, YE Yonggen, YU Haixia, HAN Jie, CHEN Feng
2024,16(1):46-50, DOI: DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1674-6732.2024.01.007
Abstract:
An inductively coupled plasma coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometric (ICP-MS/MS) method was established for the determination of trace total phosphorus (TP)， dissolved phosphorus (DP) and particulate phosphorus(PP) in surface water samples. The instrument parameters and oxygen flow rate for the determination of phosphorus in water by ICP-MS/MS were determined. The detection limit， precision and accuracy of the method for the determination of phosphorus in surface water were studied. The effects of turbidity， chromaticity and the presence of arsenic， chromium and sulfur on the determination of phosphorus by ICP-MS/MS were explored. The results show that trace phosphorus in surface water can be detected by ICP-MS/MS with high purity oxygen， and the detection limit of this method is 0.24 μg/L， the method has good linearity in the range of 1.00~1 000 μg/L， the correlation coefficient is 0.999 5， and the recoveries are between 92% to 103%. This method has fast detection speed and strong resistance to the interference of turbidity， chromaticity， arsenic， chromium and sulfur. The monitoring data of Xinanjiang Reservoir in four quarters shows that the average concentration of TP in the whole lake of Xin'anjiang Reservoir is 10~20 μg/L， the ratio of DP to TP is 42.4%~50.9%. ICP MS/MS method therefore can satisfy the determination and speciation analysis of trace phosphorus in surface water.
An inductively coupled plasma coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometric (ICP-MS/MS) method was established for the determination of trace total phosphorus (TP)， dissolved phosphorus (DP) and particulate phosphorus(PP) in surface water samples. The instrument parameters and oxygen flow rate for the determination of phosphorus in water by ICP-MS/MS were determined. The detection limit， precision and accuracy of the method for the determination of phosphorus in surface water were studied. The effects of turbidity， chromaticity and the presence of arsenic， chromium and sulfur on the determination of phosphorus by ICP-MS/MS were explored. The results show that trace phosphorus in surface water can be detected by ICP-MS/MS with high purity oxygen， and the detection limit of this method is 0.24 μg/L， the method has good linearity in the range of 1.00~1 000 μg/L， the correlation coefficient is 0.999 5， and the recoveries are between 92% to 103%. This method has fast detection speed and strong resistance to the interference of turbidity， chromaticity， arsenic， chromium and sulfur. The monitoring data of Xinanjiang Reservoir in four quarters shows that the average concentration of TP in the whole lake of Xin'anjiang Reservoir is 10~20 μg/L， the ratio of DP to TP is 42.4%~50.9%. ICP MS/MS method therefore can satisfy the determination and speciation analysis of trace phosphorus in surface water.
Abstract:
Based on the principle of color reaction between ammonia nitrogen and Nessler’s reagent, a method for the determination of ammonia nitrogen in fresh water was established with a reaction system of 1 mL. The dosage of developer was 20 μL, the color development time was 10~30 min, salinity was less than 0.5%, pH value was 3~11, and Nessler’s reagent was centrifuged at 6 000 r/min for 5 min in this method. The absorbance of the color reaction solution was measured at 420 nm by using the 96 well plate of the enzyme marker. The orthogonal validation was carried out between the absorbance of the new method and the absorbance of ammonia nitrogen determined in Water Quality Determination of Ammonia Nitrogen Nesslers Reagent Spectrophotometry (HJ 535—2009) (national standard method). The result indicated that the new method showed a good fit with the national standard method. Moreover, the detection range was increased from 0～2.0 mg/L in the national standard method to 0~4.8 mg/L in the new method. The new method for the determination of ammonia nitrogen in fresh water showed the advantages of simplicity, continuity, rapidity and high volume, which was suitable for the field and real time determination of ammonia nitrogen in fresh water.
Based on the principle of color reaction between ammonia nitrogen and Nessler’s reagent, a method for the determination of ammonia nitrogen in fresh water was established with a reaction system of 1 mL. The dosage of developer was 20 μL, the color development time was 10~30 min, salinity was less than 0.5%, pH value was 3~11, and Nessler’s reagent was centrifuged at 6 000 r/min for 5 min in this method. The absorbance of the color reaction solution was measured at 420 nm by using the 96 well plate of the enzyme marker. The orthogonal validation was carried out between the absorbance of the new method and the absorbance of ammonia nitrogen determined in Water Quality Determination of Ammonia Nitrogen Nesslers Reagent Spectrophotometry (HJ 535—2009) (national standard method). The result indicated that the new method showed a good fit with the national standard method. Moreover, the detection range was increased from 0～2.0 mg/L in the national standard method to 0~4.8 mg/L in the new method. The new method for the determination of ammonia nitrogen in fresh water showed the advantages of simplicity, continuity, rapidity and high volume, which was suitable for the field and real time determination of ammonia nitrogen in fresh water.
2023,15(6):17-23, DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6732.2023.06.003
Abstract:
QuEChERS pretreatment technology and ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry（UPLC-MS/MS） were used to analyze the content levels of eight kinds of bisphenols（BPs） in Bailong River，Jialing River and Nanhe River in Guangyuan City during the withered water period and high water period of 2020 and 2021，and the relationship was discussed between concentration characteristics and water environment. The BPs pollution was widespread in the three rivers. Among them，the concentration range of ΣBPs was 13.86~146.33 ng/L，with an average concentration of 53.33 ng/L in Bailong River； the concentration range of ΣBPs was 19.95~90.85 ng/L，with an average concentration of 49.88 ng/L in Jialing River； the concentration range of ΣBPs was 21.22~161.16 ng/L，with an average concentration of 67.12 ng/L in Nanhe River. The BPs pollutant were mainly BPA， followed by BPS in the three rivers，and the detected concentrations and frequencies of other BPs（BPF， BPZ， BPAP， BPAF and BPP） were relatively low. The average concentration of ΣBPs was higher in withered water period than in high water period， and higher in 2021 than in 2020. The discharge of a large number of urban domestic sewage results in abnormally high concentration of ΣBPs in many sections， showing obvious characteristics of point source pollution. In the future， it is necessary to strengthen monitoring of BPs pollutants in rivers， and comprehensively study and judge river water environment combined with conventional water quality analysis.
QuEChERS pretreatment technology and ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry（UPLC-MS/MS） were used to analyze the content levels of eight kinds of bisphenols（BPs） in Bailong River，Jialing River and Nanhe River in Guangyuan City during the withered water period and high water period of 2020 and 2021，and the relationship was discussed between concentration characteristics and water environment. The BPs pollution was widespread in the three rivers. Among them，the concentration range of ΣBPs was 13.86~146.33 ng/L，with an average concentration of 53.33 ng/L in Bailong River； the concentration range of ΣBPs was 19.95~90.85 ng/L，with an average concentration of 49.88 ng/L in Jialing River； the concentration range of ΣBPs was 21.22~161.16 ng/L，with an average concentration of 67.12 ng/L in Nanhe River. The BPs pollutant were mainly BPA， followed by BPS in the three rivers，and the detected concentrations and frequencies of other BPs（BPF， BPZ， BPAP， BPAF and BPP） were relatively low. The average concentration of ΣBPs was higher in withered water period than in high water period， and higher in 2021 than in 2020. The discharge of a large number of urban domestic sewage results in abnormally high concentration of ΣBPs in many sections， showing obvious characteristics of point source pollution. In the future， it is necessary to strengthen monitoring of BPs pollutants in rivers， and comprehensively study and judge river water environment combined with conventional water quality analysis.
2024,16(2):100-105, DOI: DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1674-6732.2024.02.015
Abstract:
To study the water eco environment quality of seagoing rivers in Yancheng， a survey on periphytic algae community structure in main seagoing rivers of Yancheng was conducted in May and September 2022， and the water ecology of 10 seagoing rivers were evaluated based on rivers water eco-environment quality comprehensive evaluation index. The results showed that the proportion of sections with good-quality surface water reaching Grade III and above was 70% throughout the year， and the permanganate index and dissolved oxygen were the main influencing factors on the water quality of the section. Shannon-Wiener index（H′）was between 2.77~4.4， with a mean value at 3.97. The overall evaluation level was excellent. The survey found that there were 7 phylum of periphytic algae， including diatoms， green algae， cyanobacteria， euglenophyta， dinoflagellates， cryptophytes， and xanthophyta， a total of 129 species； 88 species（genera） were found in May， and 95 species（genera） were found in September. Diatom dominated the community all over the year. 80% of the total sections were good or above according to eco environment quality comprehensive evaluation index， water quality and habitat were the main factor constraining the water eco environment quality comprehensive evaluation index of seagoing rivers.
To study the water eco environment quality of seagoing rivers in Yancheng， a survey on periphytic algae community structure in main seagoing rivers of Yancheng was conducted in May and September 2022， and the water ecology of 10 seagoing rivers were evaluated based on rivers water eco-environment quality comprehensive evaluation index. The results showed that the proportion of sections with good-quality surface water reaching Grade III and above was 70% throughout the year， and the permanganate index and dissolved oxygen were the main influencing factors on the water quality of the section. Shannon-Wiener index（H′）was between 2.77~4.4， with a mean value at 3.97. The overall evaluation level was excellent. The survey found that there were 7 phylum of periphytic algae， including diatoms， green algae， cyanobacteria， euglenophyta， dinoflagellates， cryptophytes， and xanthophyta， a total of 129 species； 88 species（genera） were found in May， and 95 species（genera） were found in September. Diatom dominated the community all over the year. 80% of the total sections were good or above according to eco environment quality comprehensive evaluation index， water quality and habitat were the main factor constraining the water eco environment quality comprehensive evaluation index of seagoing rivers.
2024,16(2):80-86, DOI: DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1674-6732.2024.02.012
Abstract:
To improve the environmental improvement effect of water diversion projects， it is necessary to analyze the self connection level， water quality status and main influencing factors of water environment. This study takes the Yuejin polders which located in Taihu basin as the research object， uses the graph theory connectivity theorem to evaluate the static base flow connectivity in the study area， furtherly explores the spatial differences and variation characteristics of the connectivity of water systems in the study area. Meanwhile， short term water diversion experiments were carried out， and the fuzzy comprehensive analysis method was used to evaluate the changes of water quality and the response relationship between the water environment and water system connectivity. The results show that the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method has applicability in the analysis of water environment improvement， and could realize a comprehensive analysis of the water quality changes. Water fluidity is an important environmental factor affecting the water quality， and permanganate index is the main influencing factor that leads to the deterioration of water quality in the study area. The water diversion project has a certain continuous improvement effect on the water environment in the polder area， but the improvement effect is limited in the area with poor base flow connectivity.
To improve the environmental improvement effect of water diversion projects， it is necessary to analyze the self connection level， water quality status and main influencing factors of water environment. This study takes the Yuejin polders which located in Taihu basin as the research object， uses the graph theory connectivity theorem to evaluate the static base flow connectivity in the study area， furtherly explores the spatial differences and variation characteristics of the connectivity of water systems in the study area. Meanwhile， short term water diversion experiments were carried out， and the fuzzy comprehensive analysis method was used to evaluate the changes of water quality and the response relationship between the water environment and water system connectivity. The results show that the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method has applicability in the analysis of water environment improvement， and could realize a comprehensive analysis of the water quality changes. Water fluidity is an important environmental factor affecting the water quality， and permanganate index is the main influencing factor that leads to the deterioration of water quality in the study area. The water diversion project has a certain continuous improvement effect on the water environment in the polder area， but the improvement effect is limited in the area with poor base flow connectivity.
2025,17(4):90-95, 107, DOI: 10.3969/j. issn. 1674-6732.2025.04.013
Abstract:
To establish and improve the comprehensive evaluation system for rural environmental quality, the China National Environmental Monitoring Centre launched the Technical Regulation for Comprehensive Evaluation of Rural Environmental Quality
To establish and improve the comprehensive evaluation system for rural environmental quality, the China National Environmental Monitoring Centre launched the Technical Regulation for Comprehensive Evaluation of Rural Environmental Quality
Preliminary Analysis of China‘s Provincial Carbon Emissions and the Synergy with Pollution Reduction
2024,16(4):143-150, DOI: DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1674-6732.2024.04.018
Abstract:
Under the background of Chinas peak carbon emissions and carbon neutrality goals， based on the data of 30 provinces in China from 2018 to 2021， this paper used the method given by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change（IPCC） to calculate carbon emissions using energy consumption data and emission factors， analyzed the spatiotemporal evolutionary characteristics of China‘s carbon dioxide（CO2 ） emissions， and used the emission reduction synergy effect quantitative evaluation method to evaluate the synergistic effects of pollution reduction and carbon reduction in various provinces and cities. The results show that： China's total carbon emissions are increasing year by year， but the growth rate has begun to slow down since 2021； A high value carbon emission area centered on North China and South China has been formed， roughly showing a “low in the south and high in the north” pattern， the carbon emissions and growth rates in most provinces and cities are still increasing； About 70% of the provinces and cities have not yet formed a synergistic effect between carbon emissions and air pollution/air quality， and local governments should strengthen the control of carbon emissions. Therefore， it is recommended that all provinces and cities in China improve the utilization rate of clean energy， develop low-carbon technologies according to local conditions， so as to reduce carbon emissions and achieve synergy in pollution reduction and carbon reduction.
Under the background of Chinas peak carbon emissions and carbon neutrality goals， based on the data of 30 provinces in China from 2018 to 2021， this paper used the method given by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change（IPCC） to calculate carbon emissions using energy consumption data and emission factors， analyzed the spatiotemporal evolutionary characteristics of China‘s carbon dioxide（CO2 ） emissions， and used the emission reduction synergy effect quantitative evaluation method to evaluate the synergistic effects of pollution reduction and carbon reduction in various provinces and cities. The results show that： China's total carbon emissions are increasing year by year， but the growth rate has begun to slow down since 2021； A high value carbon emission area centered on North China and South China has been formed， roughly showing a “low in the south and high in the north” pattern， the carbon emissions and growth rates in most provinces and cities are still increasing； About 70% of the provinces and cities have not yet formed a synergistic effect between carbon emissions and air pollution/air quality， and local governments should strengthen the control of carbon emissions. Therefore， it is recommended that all provinces and cities in China improve the utilization rate of clean energy， develop low-carbon technologies according to local conditions， so as to reduce carbon emissions and achieve synergy in pollution reduction and carbon reduction.
2024,16(1):104-108, DOI: DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1674-6732.2024.01.017
Abstract:
Compared with water and air pollution， soil pollution is characterized by concealment， hysteresis and accumulation， and the restoration of contaminated soil are costly， long cycle and difficult， so it is necessary to strengthen source prevention and control to prevent problems before they occur. This paper briefly describes the management requirements of key soil pollution supervision units in China， sorts out the management points of key soil pollution supervision units from the four links of environmental access period， construction period， operation period and decommissioning period， analyzes the management status and existing problems of key soil pollution supervision units in Jiangsu Province， and puts forward countermeasures and suggestions from the aspects of strengthening publicity and training， implementing categorical and hierarchical management， exploring and carrying out technical models of management and control while production， and improving the supervision capacity of grassroots management departments， in order to provide decision making reference for soil environmental management in Jiangsu Province.
Compared with water and air pollution， soil pollution is characterized by concealment， hysteresis and accumulation， and the restoration of contaminated soil are costly， long cycle and difficult， so it is necessary to strengthen source prevention and control to prevent problems before they occur. This paper briefly describes the management requirements of key soil pollution supervision units in China， sorts out the management points of key soil pollution supervision units from the four links of environmental access period， construction period， operation period and decommissioning period， analyzes the management status and existing problems of key soil pollution supervision units in Jiangsu Province， and puts forward countermeasures and suggestions from the aspects of strengthening publicity and training， implementing categorical and hierarchical management， exploring and carrying out technical models of management and control while production， and improving the supervision capacity of grassroots management departments， in order to provide decision making reference for soil environmental management in Jiangsu Province.
2024,16(2):87-93, DOI: DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1674-6732.2024.02.013
Abstract:
In order to comprehensively grasp the changes of water quality along the Han River after it enters and leaves Xiangyang urban area， and reasonably formulate corresponding protection measures， a comprehensive analysis and evaluation of the water environment quality， change trend and related characteristics of Xiangyang section of Han River is carried out based on the water quality monitoring data of the exit section， entry section and tributaries of Xiangyang urban section of Han River from 2018 to 2022. The results showed that the water quality of exit and entry sections of Xiangyang urban section of the Han River from 2018 to 2022 was generally good， but the main indices of ammonia nitrogen， total phosphorus and total nitrogen in exit sections were significantly higher than those in entry sections， and the inflow of major tributaries Tangbai River， Qing River and Nanqu River had a greater impact on the water quality of exit sections. From 2018 to 2021， the concentrations of the main monitoring indicators during the water period were greater than those in the dry period， while that were quite the reverse in 2022. The contribution of nitrogen pollution to water quality in Xiangyang urban section of Han River was obviously higher than that of phosphorus pollution， which was still mainly nitrogen pollution， and nitrogen in water quality mainly exists in forms other than free ammonia and ammonium salt. The correlation analysis results showed that the correlation between ammonia nitrogen and the other indicators in entry sections was inconsistent with that in exit sections， the same inconsistence was observed between total nitrogen and the other indicators. While the correlation between total phosphorus and dissolved oxygen and other parameters were basically consistent. The results can provide scientific basis for the improvement of water environment and pollution control measures of Han River.
In order to comprehensively grasp the changes of water quality along the Han River after it enters and leaves Xiangyang urban area， and reasonably formulate corresponding protection measures， a comprehensive analysis and evaluation of the water environment quality， change trend and related characteristics of Xiangyang section of Han River is carried out based on the water quality monitoring data of the exit section， entry section and tributaries of Xiangyang urban section of Han River from 2018 to 2022. The results showed that the water quality of exit and entry sections of Xiangyang urban section of the Han River from 2018 to 2022 was generally good， but the main indices of ammonia nitrogen， total phosphorus and total nitrogen in exit sections were significantly higher than those in entry sections， and the inflow of major tributaries Tangbai River， Qing River and Nanqu River had a greater impact on the water quality of exit sections. From 2018 to 2021， the concentrations of the main monitoring indicators during the water period were greater than those in the dry period， while that were quite the reverse in 2022. The contribution of nitrogen pollution to water quality in Xiangyang urban section of Han River was obviously higher than that of phosphorus pollution， which was still mainly nitrogen pollution， and nitrogen in water quality mainly exists in forms other than free ammonia and ammonium salt. The correlation analysis results showed that the correlation between ammonia nitrogen and the other indicators in entry sections was inconsistent with that in exit sections， the same inconsistence was observed between total nitrogen and the other indicators. While the correlation between total phosphorus and dissolved oxygen and other parameters were basically consistent. The results can provide scientific basis for the improvement of water environment and pollution control measures of Han River.
2024,16(2):22-30, DOI: DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1674-6732.2024.02.004
Abstract:
Using solid phase extraction and ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry(SPE UPLC MS MS)， 17 per and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs) were analyzed in wastewater from three wastewater treatment plants in Guangxi（P1、P2、P3）. The findings revealed 10 PFASs were detected with detection rates ranging from 33.3% to 100%. PFASs concentrations in influent and effluent ranged from 32.0 to 86.4 ng/L and 23.0 to 39.6 ng/L， respectively. Notably， perfluorobutanoic acid(PFBA)， perfluoropentanoic acid(PFPeA)， and perfluorooctanoic acid(PFOA) dominated the pollution profile. The anaerobic anoxic oxic(AAO) process exhibited a 49.0% removal efficiency， while the modified sequencing batch reactor(MSBR) achieved 72.2%， and the oxidation ditch process achieved 25.0%. Sewage was the main source of PFASs in influent of P1 and P3， but in influent of P2， the main sources of PFASs were sewage and industrial wastewater. Furthermore， PFDoDA in P1 effluent posed a high ecological risk to fish and water fleas， and a moderate risk to algae， while P2 and P3 effluents showed lower ecological risks to the receiving rivers.
Using solid phase extraction and ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry(SPE UPLC MS MS)， 17 per and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs) were analyzed in wastewater from three wastewater treatment plants in Guangxi（P1、P2、P3）. The findings revealed 10 PFASs were detected with detection rates ranging from 33.3% to 100%. PFASs concentrations in influent and effluent ranged from 32.0 to 86.4 ng/L and 23.0 to 39.6 ng/L， respectively. Notably， perfluorobutanoic acid(PFBA)， perfluoropentanoic acid(PFPeA)， and perfluorooctanoic acid(PFOA) dominated the pollution profile. The anaerobic anoxic oxic(AAO) process exhibited a 49.0% removal efficiency， while the modified sequencing batch reactor(MSBR) achieved 72.2%， and the oxidation ditch process achieved 25.0%. Sewage was the main source of PFASs in influent of P1 and P3， but in influent of P2， the main sources of PFASs were sewage and industrial wastewater. Furthermore， PFDoDA in P1 effluent posed a high ecological risk to fish and water fleas， and a moderate risk to algae， while P2 and P3 effluents showed lower ecological risks to the receiving rivers.
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This paper summarized our country′s construction and operation situation of state surface water quality automatic monitoring network, analyzed the problems of water stations in the operation and management, data quality assurance and quality control. Opinions and suggestions were put forward on the comprehensive analysis of automatic monitoring data and sustainable development of water quality automatic monitoring.
This paper summarized our country′s construction and operation situation of state surface water quality automatic monitoring network, analyzed the problems of water stations in the operation and management, data quality assurance and quality control. Opinions and suggestions were put forward on the comprehensive analysis of automatic monitoring data and sustainable development of water quality automatic monitoring.
Abstract:
The temporary control measures during the AYG were described, and the performance was analyzed, including the impact on the improvement of the air quality and the main problems. The results showed that the temporary control measures were well implemented, leading to good air quality.The reduced emissions of SO2,NOx and PM reached 715 t, 528 t and 2 029 t in August, comparing with July. SO2,NO2,PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations decreased by 22.2%, 26.8%, 18% and 11.6% in Aug.2013 comparing with Aug.2012.The advantage of the measures that enterprises stopped or limited production, was the cooperative control for many pollutants, but measures need higher pay and difficult operation. Construction shut down was a very effective way to control primary PM,with good operability.In the end,the successful experiences of AYG air quality protection were summarized, and some countermeasures for YOG air quality protection were proposed.
The temporary control measures during the AYG were described, and the performance was analyzed, including the impact on the improvement of the air quality and the main problems. The results showed that the temporary control measures were well implemented, leading to good air quality.The reduced emissions of SO2,NOx and PM reached 715 t, 528 t and 2 029 t in August, comparing with July. SO2,NO2,PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations decreased by 22.2%, 26.8%, 18% and 11.6% in Aug.2013 comparing with Aug.2012.The advantage of the measures that enterprises stopped or limited production, was the cooperative control for many pollutants, but measures need higher pay and difficult operation. Construction shut down was a very effective way to control primary PM,with good operability.In the end,the successful experiences of AYG air quality protection were summarized, and some countermeasures for YOG air quality protection were proposed.
Abstract:
total nitrogen in soils; Kjeldahl method; method improvement; soils of different types
total nitrogen in soils; Kjeldahl method; method improvement; soils of different types
Abstract:
This paper puts forward the concept of city green development competitiveness,mainly discusses the relationship between environmental quality assessment and development level of economy and society and constructs an evaluation index system formed by 3 levels of first class indicators,second class indicators and third class indicators by combining with urban economic development level of a quantitative index industrial GDP from the hard environment of urban air environmental quality,the frequency of acid rain,surface water environment quality,the acoustic environmental quality of drinking water source,water quality and ecological environment quality and so on.The study uses environment cost of unit industrial GDP to represent the urban green development competitiveness and takes cities in Anhui province as an example.
This paper puts forward the concept of city green development competitiveness,mainly discusses the relationship between environmental quality assessment and development level of economy and society and constructs an evaluation index system formed by 3 levels of first class indicators,second class indicators and third class indicators by combining with urban economic development level of a quantitative index industrial GDP from the hard environment of urban air environmental quality,the frequency of acid rain,surface water environment quality,the acoustic environmental quality of drinking water source,water quality and ecological environment quality and so on.The study uses environment cost of unit industrial GDP to represent the urban green development competitiveness and takes cities in Anhui province as an example.
Abstract:
Based on Nanjing air quality monitoring results during the Asian Youth Games (AYG) in August, the air quality was evaluated and analyzed and the relevant reasons of air quality change were discussed with the temporary control measures and the meteorological conditions. The results showed that the air quality in Nanjing in August achieved a moderate level and was further improved during the AYG. According the Air Quality Standards of different pollutants, many of them reached moderate levels and the pollution decreased obviously compared with the same period of the last year. This could be attributable to steps taken to reduce emissions from industrial point sources as well as temporary control measures on motor vehicle flow and dust of non point sources. Additionally, general meteorological conditions during the period of the games were beneficial to the diffusion of pollutants.
Based on Nanjing air quality monitoring results during the Asian Youth Games (AYG) in August, the air quality was evaluated and analyzed and the relevant reasons of air quality change were discussed with the temporary control measures and the meteorological conditions. The results showed that the air quality in Nanjing in August achieved a moderate level and was further improved during the AYG. According the Air Quality Standards of different pollutants, many of them reached moderate levels and the pollution decreased obviously compared with the same period of the last year. This could be attributable to steps taken to reduce emissions from industrial point sources as well as temporary control measures on motor vehicle flow and dust of non point sources. Additionally, general meteorological conditions during the period of the games were beneficial to the diffusion of pollutants.
Abstract:
This paper reviewed the development process of air quality model in China and abroad, the key technology in numerical model of air quality and its application research. The modeling prediction of air quality was currently confronting three major issues: the large uncertainties in air pollutant emission inventory, modeling meteorology conditions especially boundary layer and the physical and chemical processes in the atmosphere. It was proposed that the standardized production and the more precise data of emission inventory could improve the accuracy of emission data with the unified standard in analyzing emission sources, and the multi direction development of measurement methods and the enhancement in both monitoring density and frequency with lab study would be used to build the suitable physical and chemical mechanism for Chinese air environment. By optimizing the parameterization schemes in air quality models and introducing the technology of data assimilation with meteorology and satellite observations as well as the air quality measurement, a unified system integrating air quality monitoring and modeling prediction subsystems would be realized in the multi platform of application.
This paper reviewed the development process of air quality model in China and abroad, the key technology in numerical model of air quality and its application research. The modeling prediction of air quality was currently confronting three major issues: the large uncertainties in air pollutant emission inventory, modeling meteorology conditions especially boundary layer and the physical and chemical processes in the atmosphere. It was proposed that the standardized production and the more precise data of emission inventory could improve the accuracy of emission data with the unified standard in analyzing emission sources, and the multi direction development of measurement methods and the enhancement in both monitoring density and frequency with lab study would be used to build the suitable physical and chemical mechanism for Chinese air environment. By optimizing the parameterization schemes in air quality models and introducing the technology of data assimilation with meteorology and satellite observations as well as the air quality measurement, a unified system integrating air quality monitoring and modeling prediction subsystems would be realized in the multi platform of application.
Abstract:
In order to ensure that the air quality can meet the standards during the 2nd summer Youth Olympic Games in August 2014, Jiangsu environmental monitoring center invited the Institute of Atmospheric Physics，Chinese Academy of Sciences , Nanjing University and other 34 units to launch a one month air quality protection observation. At the end, we gathered about 50 thousand data and cruise observed more than 9 000 km. We also prepared 87 forecasting and analysis reports. The accuracy rate of forecasting reached about 80 percent.The results showed that strict control measures can slow down the deterioration of air quality and through this kind of team work, we can concentrate advanced technologies and research capacity on improving air quality monitoring and analysis ability of Jiangsu province.
In order to ensure that the air quality can meet the standards during the 2nd summer Youth Olympic Games in August 2014, Jiangsu environmental monitoring center invited the Institute of Atmospheric Physics，Chinese Academy of Sciences , Nanjing University and other 34 units to launch a one month air quality protection observation. At the end, we gathered about 50 thousand data and cruise observed more than 9 000 km. We also prepared 87 forecasting and analysis reports. The accuracy rate of forecasting reached about 80 percent.The results showed that strict control measures can slow down the deterioration of air quality and through this kind of team work, we can concentrate advanced technologies and research capacity on improving air quality monitoring and analysis ability of Jiangsu province.
Abstract:
To get a comprehensive understanding of atmospheric particulates in Yancheng,PM2.5 as the primary pollutant was investigated in respects of its sources,chemical composition and source apportionment. The online single particle aerosol mass spectrometer was used for the real time analysis of the sources of particulate matter in Yancheng from 12 am,December 16th to 9 am,December 21st,2014. The results showed that the main source of particulate matter (PM2.5) for ambient air in Yancheng was coal combustion (23.7%),followed by motor vehicle exhaust (18.3%),dust (15.7%) and biomass burning (14.8%). Industrial pollution sources,secondary inorganic sources and other sources provided relatively small contributions.
To get a comprehensive understanding of atmospheric particulates in Yancheng,PM2.5 as the primary pollutant was investigated in respects of its sources,chemical composition and source apportionment. The online single particle aerosol mass spectrometer was used for the real time analysis of the sources of particulate matter in Yancheng from 12 am,December 16th to 9 am,December 21st,2014. The results showed that the main source of particulate matter (PM2.5) for ambient air in Yancheng was coal combustion (23.7%),followed by motor vehicle exhaust (18.3%),dust (15.7%) and biomass burning (14.8%). Industrial pollution sources,secondary inorganic sources and other sources provided relatively small contributions.
Abstract:
The distribution and variation of submerged vegetation in the north of Taihu Lake in the spring of 2015 were monitored using multi source remote sensing images. This paper discussed the key problems in monitoring aquatic vegetation by using the technique. The monitoring results acquired on 28th of April based on the decision tree method showed that the area of submerged vegetation in the north of Taihu Lake was about 11.2 km2. Compared with the results obtained from the same period in 2014，the newly emerged large areas of submerged vegetation were mainly concentrated near the west of Tianji Mountain and around of Xidong Waterworks. It was suggested that submerged vegetation should be cleared away and salvaged timely to avoid the death and decay of aquatic vegetation，which posed threats to water quality.
The distribution and variation of submerged vegetation in the north of Taihu Lake in the spring of 2015 were monitored using multi source remote sensing images. This paper discussed the key problems in monitoring aquatic vegetation by using the technique. The monitoring results acquired on 28th of April based on the decision tree method showed that the area of submerged vegetation in the north of Taihu Lake was about 11.2 km2. Compared with the results obtained from the same period in 2014，the newly emerged large areas of submerged vegetation were mainly concentrated near the west of Tianji Mountain and around of Xidong Waterworks. It was suggested that submerged vegetation should be cleared away and salvaged timely to avoid the death and decay of aquatic vegetation，which posed threats to water quality.
Abstract:
Macrobenthos were investigated at 2 sections in the intertidal zone of Haizhou Bay in Oct. and Nov. 2015. We identified a total of 29 species, of which 19 species in section A and 23 species in section B. The average abundance of macrobenthos was 1 790m-2, and the average biomass was 185.11g/m2. There were great differences in the abundance and biomass of section A and B, which was mainly caused by the different sediment of the two sections. The mean Shannon-Wiener index was 2.90, with a range of 2.44~3.45. Our results indicated that the sediment has been slightly polluted.
Macrobenthos were investigated at 2 sections in the intertidal zone of Haizhou Bay in Oct. and Nov. 2015. We identified a total of 29 species, of which 19 species in section A and 23 species in section B. The average abundance of macrobenthos was 1 790m-2, and the average biomass was 185.11g/m2. There were great differences in the abundance and biomass of section A and B, which was mainly caused by the different sediment of the two sections. The mean Shannon-Wiener index was 2.90, with a range of 2.44~3.45. Our results indicated that the sediment has been slightly polluted.
Abstract:
In this study, the industry standard (the recommended method) of soil cation exchange capacity which has its disadvantages, the paper introduced a new combined technique of automatic elution combined with automatic intelligent distillation that attempted to overcome these problems. Through the comparative experiment of soil samples for real soil samples and 6 different soil standard samples, the experimental results showed that the optimal operating conditions, leaching time 20 min, washing 4 times with ethanol, the distillate 130 g. Under the better condition, Compared with the industry method, the relative standard deviation of real soil samples and 6 different soil standard samples was 0.87%～1.07%, which was much less than the industry method (3.87%～5.18%). The accuracy are also within the scope of guarantee value. The combined technique improved automation and maneuverability, and the accuracy, precision and reproducibility of the testing were in accordance with the standard requirements, which could meet the analysis requirements of large quantities of soil sample.
In this study, the industry standard (the recommended method) of soil cation exchange capacity which has its disadvantages, the paper introduced a new combined technique of automatic elution combined with automatic intelligent distillation that attempted to overcome these problems. Through the comparative experiment of soil samples for real soil samples and 6 different soil standard samples, the experimental results showed that the optimal operating conditions, leaching time 20 min, washing 4 times with ethanol, the distillate 130 g. Under the better condition, Compared with the industry method, the relative standard deviation of real soil samples and 6 different soil standard samples was 0.87%～1.07%, which was much less than the industry method (3.87%～5.18%). The accuracy are also within the scope of guarantee value. The combined technique improved automation and maneuverability, and the accuracy, precision and reproducibility of the testing were in accordance with the standard requirements, which could meet the analysis requirements of large quantities of soil sample.
Abstract:
Mass concentration, visibility ofPM10、PM2.5、PM1, and water soluble ion concentration of PM2.5and other parameters have been continuous observed， from February 9 to February 16， in 2013， in Nanjing City. Discussed the reason for the reduction of visibility and decline of air quality while a short term peak appears during the Spring Festival with fireworks. The study found that, due to the discharge of Fireworks, the concentration ofPM2.5 reached 863μg/m3in some area in a short period of time, and the visibility is only 1.2km. At the same time, PM2.5 in PM2.5中Cl-、K+andSO2-4 rose dramatically in a short time, which to some degree is relating to the release of oxidants, reducing agents and other components in fireworks. Observations during the Spring Festival Statistics found that the contribution of the fireworks discharge to water soluble ions in PM2.5is about 50%.
Mass concentration, visibility ofPM10、PM2.5、PM1, and water soluble ion concentration of PM2.5and other parameters have been continuous observed， from February 9 to February 16， in 2013， in Nanjing City. Discussed the reason for the reduction of visibility and decline of air quality while a short term peak appears during the Spring Festival with fireworks. The study found that, due to the discharge of Fireworks, the concentration ofPM2.5 reached 863μg/m3in some area in a short period of time, and the visibility is only 1.2km. At the same time, PM2.5 in PM2.5中Cl-、K+andSO2-4 rose dramatically in a short time, which to some degree is relating to the release of oxidants, reducing agents and other components in fireworks. Observations during the Spring Festival Statistics found that the contribution of the fireworks discharge to water soluble ions in PM2.5is about 50%.
Abstract:
The modified osculating method was used for the analysis of the water quality of the Yangcheng Lake as an exemplary water body. Evaluation of the east,middle,and west area of the lake water highlighted the advantages of the osculating method for evaluating water quality of complex lake ecosystem. This method uses a simple and flexible model and requires only minor amount of calculation. The result is direct and visual. Compared with previous methods which utilize a general model for evaluating water bodies that are different in time and in space,the modified osculating method is capable of providing more accurate and objective evaluation for the water distribution law in different time and in space,and of predicting the change trend of water quality. At the same time,it calculates entropy weight to determine the main pollution factors,which is different from the evaluation method of equal index weight or ignored index weight. It could make the evaluation result on water quality of lake ecosystem more reasonable.
The modified osculating method was used for the analysis of the water quality of the Yangcheng Lake as an exemplary water body. Evaluation of the east,middle,and west area of the lake water highlighted the advantages of the osculating method for evaluating water quality of complex lake ecosystem. This method uses a simple and flexible model and requires only minor amount of calculation. The result is direct and visual. Compared with previous methods which utilize a general model for evaluating water bodies that are different in time and in space,the modified osculating method is capable of providing more accurate and objective evaluation for the water distribution law in different time and in space,and of predicting the change trend of water quality. At the same time,it calculates entropy weight to determine the main pollution factors,which is different from the evaluation method of equal index weight or ignored index weight. It could make the evaluation result on water quality of lake ecosystem more reasonable.
Abstract:
Land Surface Temperature (LST) is an important parameter of surface energy balance components. With the rapid development of satellite remote sensing technology, satellite remote sensing has become an important approach to retrieving LST over large areas. Various satellite based retrieval algorithms have been proposed, and the Split Window algorithm has been proved to be a high precision algorithms. In this study, the LST of Wuxi was retrieved from Landsat 8 data with the SW algorithm. The retrieved LST data were further compared with both simultaneous ground measured temperature data and the MODIS LST product. Results showed that the retrieved LST had good accuracy with errors of less than 1 K. Furthermore, the Thermal Field Variance Composite Index computed from the retrieved LST data was used to analyze the spatial distribution of urban heat island. The urban heat island effect was quantified, and the effects of different land cover types on the heat island were also investigated.
Land Surface Temperature (LST) is an important parameter of surface energy balance components. With the rapid development of satellite remote sensing technology, satellite remote sensing has become an important approach to retrieving LST over large areas. Various satellite based retrieval algorithms have been proposed, and the Split Window algorithm has been proved to be a high precision algorithms. In this study, the LST of Wuxi was retrieved from Landsat 8 data with the SW algorithm. The retrieved LST data were further compared with both simultaneous ground measured temperature data and the MODIS LST product. Results showed that the retrieved LST had good accuracy with errors of less than 1 K. Furthermore, the Thermal Field Variance Composite Index computed from the retrieved LST data was used to analyze the spatial distribution of urban heat island. The urban heat island effect was quantified, and the effects of different land cover types on the heat island were also investigated.
Abstract:
Base on the data from 2007 to 2013 of particulate matter and atmospheric visibility of Panyu atmospheric composition station in Guangzhou city ,and the relative humidity(RH) data of Panyu meteorological administration station ,the variation of particulate matter for 7 years were analyzed .The data were divided into three clusters according to RH, RH ≥90%,80%0.57（PM2.5）>0.47(PM10) .When 80%0.46（PM2.5）>0.4(PM10) .While RH≥90%, the correlation was very weak, and no consistent correlation was evident.
Base on the data from 2007 to 2013 of particulate matter and atmospheric visibility of Panyu atmospheric composition station in Guangzhou city ,and the relative humidity(RH) data of Panyu meteorological administration station ,the variation of particulate matter for 7 years were analyzed .The data were divided into three clusters according to RH, RH ≥90%,80%
Abstract:
A method has been established for the determination of hexavalent chromium in soil by alkaline digestion with voltammetric polarography. Factors that can influence the measurement, including working conditions of the instrument, sizes of the mercury drop, and concentrations of the electrolyte solution have been investigated in detail. Under the optimal condition, the method detecttion limit is 7.65 μg/L, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) is 4.6% for seven consecutive measurements. Six parallel measurements were carried out for two samples having different concentrations of hexavalent chromium, each of which was spiked with 10 μg/L of hexavalent chromium standard. The recoveries of the hexavalent chromium were in the range of 91.4%~120% and the RSDs were no more than 5%. The results obtained from this method and the spectrophotometric method were basically consistent.
A method has been established for the determination of hexavalent chromium in soil by alkaline digestion with voltammetric polarography. Factors that can influence the measurement, including working conditions of the instrument, sizes of the mercury drop, and concentrations of the electrolyte solution have been investigated in detail. Under the optimal condition, the method detecttion limit is 7.65 μg/L, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) is 4.6% for seven consecutive measurements. Six parallel measurements were carried out for two samples having different concentrations of hexavalent chromium, each of which was spiked with 10 μg/L of hexavalent chromium standard. The recoveries of the hexavalent chromium were in the range of 91.4%~120% and the RSDs were no more than 5%. The results obtained from this method and the spectrophotometric method were basically consistent.
Abstract:
In this study, a range of environmental monitoring data were collected from the late of May 2014 by multiple on line monitoring instruments at Shanghai Pudong supersite to investigate a typical biomass burning (BB) episode in East China. Moreover, auxiliary information, including MODIS fire spots, airflow backward trajectory as well as meteorological field simulation were combined to unveil the spatial temporal evolution before, during, and after the outbreak of BB pollution event. The results showed that during the pollution episode, the average mass concentration of PM2.5and BC reached 111.90 μg/m3 and 5.38 μg/m3, respectively, which were much higher than that of before (24.3 μg/m3 and 1.24 μg/m3) and after (34.6 μg/m3 and 1.49 μg/m3) the BB pollution episode. The pollution peak occurred on 27 May (238.0 μg/m3 and 15.1 μg/m3). Under the condition of bad spread of air pollution, BB could strengthen the pollution levels of some other pollutants. Lastly, given that the transport pattern of BB plumes were subjected to meteorological field, there was no obvious correlation between the number of fire spots in the periphery and the pollution levels in Shanghai.
In this study, a range of environmental monitoring data were collected from the late of May 2014 by multiple on line monitoring instruments at Shanghai Pudong supersite to investigate a typical biomass burning (BB) episode in East China. Moreover, auxiliary information, including MODIS fire spots, airflow backward trajectory as well as meteorological field simulation were combined to unveil the spatial temporal evolution before, during, and after the outbreak of BB pollution event. The results showed that during the pollution episode, the average mass concentration of PM2.5and BC reached 111.90 μg/m3 and 5.38 μg/m3, respectively, which were much higher than that of before (24.3 μg/m3 and 1.24 μg/m3) and after (34.6 μg/m3 and 1.49 μg/m3) the BB pollution episode. The pollution peak occurred on 27 May (238.0 μg/m3 and 15.1 μg/m3). Under the condition of bad spread of air pollution, BB could strengthen the pollution levels of some other pollutants. Lastly, given that the transport pattern of BB plumes were subjected to meteorological field, there was no obvious correlation between the number of fire spots in the periphery and the pollution levels in Shanghai.
Abstract:
The paper outlined the exploration and practice of the management system of the ecological protection red line. The proposed conceptual framework of ecosystem management included seven aspects，which were area delineation，classification of management control，goal setting，dynamic monitoring，comprehensive analysis，management strategy，and adaptive adjustments. Meanwhile，three key issues were identified in ecosystem management: definition of the concept，mode of the management，and guarantee of the system. It was suggested that the ecological protection red line areas，which were also considered as the bottom line of national and regional ecological security，delineated a strict management-control boundary for areas such as important ecological functional areas，eco-environmental sensitive areas and fragile areas. On the basis of the ecosystem carrying capacity analysis，important ecological functional areas should be identified for further discrimination of the concept of ecological protection red line. Then the ecosystem management mode of the ecological protection red line should be constructed at the national level，so that the problem of integrity in management could be solved. Finally，the punishment and compensation mechanism should be perfected，for guiding public participation in delineating，managing and supervising the ecological protection red line.
The paper outlined the exploration and practice of the management system of the ecological protection red line. The proposed conceptual framework of ecosystem management included seven aspects，which were area delineation，classification of management control，goal setting，dynamic monitoring，comprehensive analysis，management strategy，and adaptive adjustments. Meanwhile，three key issues were identified in ecosystem management: definition of the concept，mode of the management，and guarantee of the system. It was suggested that the ecological protection red line areas，which were also considered as the bottom line of national and regional ecological security，delineated a strict management-control boundary for areas such as important ecological functional areas，eco-environmental sensitive areas and fragile areas. On the basis of the ecosystem carrying capacity analysis，important ecological functional areas should be identified for further discrimination of the concept of ecological protection red line. Then the ecosystem management mode of the ecological protection red line should be constructed at the national level，so that the problem of integrity in management could be solved. Finally，the punishment and compensation mechanism should be perfected，for guiding public participation in delineating，managing and supervising the ecological protection red line.
Abstract:
This paper investigated factors that influence the XRF detection of heavy metals in soil. It was confirmed that the thickness， particle size， and water content of the soil sample would affect the fluorescence intensity to a various degree， which was dependent on the energy of X rays. The results showed that low energy X rays had significantly greater influence than high energy X rays on the measurement. In order to ensure the quality analysis， soil samples should be completely dry， mixed evenly， maintained in uniform particle sizes and thickness of 10 mm when employing the XRF method for the determination of heavy metals in soil.
This paper investigated factors that influence the XRF detection of heavy metals in soil. It was confirmed that the thickness， particle size， and water content of the soil sample would affect the fluorescence intensity to a various degree， which was dependent on the energy of X rays. The results showed that low energy X rays had significantly greater influence than high energy X rays on the measurement. In order to ensure the quality analysis， soil samples should be completely dry， mixed evenly， maintained in uniform particle sizes and thickness of 10 mm when employing the XRF method for the determination of heavy metals in soil.
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